Lestidae

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The Lestidae are a rather small family of cosmopolitan, large-sized, slender damselflies,[1] known commonly as the spreadwings or spread-winged damselflies.[2]

File:LestesDryasMale.JPG
A male Lestes dryas in the "spread-winged" posture that gives the family its common name

Characteristics

While most damselflies rest with their wings folded together, most members of the family Lestidae hold them at an angle away from their bodies. The pterostigma (a single dark spot in the meshwork of the leading edge near the tip of each wing) is noticeably elongated. The quadrilateral (a part of the wing venation, close to the body) has an acute angle at the end. The body has a greenish, metallic shine. The superior anal appendages, commonly called claspers (body parts of male insect for clasping the female during copulation) of male spreadwings are long and strongly curved.

Breeding takes place in slow-moving or still water in stream backwaters, swamps, marshes and temporary pools. The nymphs have a long abdomen and a distinctive prementum (part of the lower lip). There is one generation per year in North American species.[3]

Taxonomy

The two subfamilies in Lestidae are Lestinae and Sympecmatinae. Damselflies in the Lestinae rest with their wings partly open, while those in the Sympecmatinae, the reedlings, ringtails, and winter damselflies, rest with their wings folded. The exact taxonomy of the family is disputed, with some authorities including twelve genera[4] and some eight.[5] Genera include:

SubFamily Image Genus Extant species
Sympecmatinae Fraser, 1951 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". File:SPREADWING, GREAT (Archilastes grandis) (10-21-10) pena blanca lake, scc, az -01 (8120970790).jpg Archilestes Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Indolestes peregrinus(Couple,Japan,2018.04.12).jpg Indolestes Fraser, 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Sympecma paedisca(Oviposition , Japan , 2019.04.16).jpg Sympecma Burmeister, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sympecma fusca (Vander Linden, 1820)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Common Winter Damselfly
  • Sympecma gobica Förster, 1900Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Sympecma paedisca (Brauer, 1877)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Siberian Winter Damsel
Lestinae Calvert 1901Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". File:Austrolestes annulosus.jpg Austrolestes Tillyard, 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Austrolestes aleison Watson & Moulds, 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Western ringtail
  • Austrolestes analis (Rambur, 1842)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Slender ringtail
  • Austrolestes annulosus (Selys, 1862)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Blue ringtail
  • Austrolestes aridus (Tillyard, 1908)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Inland ringtail
  • Austrolestes cingulatus (Burmeister, 1839)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Metallic ringtail
  • Austrolestes colensonis (White, 1846)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Blue damselfly, kekewai
  • Austrolestes insularis Tillyard, 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Northern ringtail
  • Austrolestes io (Selys, 1862)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Iota ringtail
  • Austrolestes leda (Selys, 1862)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Wandering ringtail
  • Austrolestes minjerriba Watson, 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Dune ringtail
  • Austrolestes psyche (Hagen in Selys, 1862)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cup ringtail
File:ChalcolestesViridis.jpg Chalcolestes Kennedy, 1920Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Chalcolestes parvidens (Artobolevsky, 1929)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Eastern Willow Spreadwing
  • Chalcolestes viridis (Vander Linden, 1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Willow Emerald Damselfly,
File:Lestes temporalis(Couple,Japan,2017.10.26).jpg Lestes Leach, 1815Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes alacer Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Plateau Spreadwing
  • Lestes alfonsoi González & Novelo, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes amicus Martin, 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes angularis Fraser, 1929Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes apollinaris Navás, 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes auripennis Fraser, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes auritus Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes australis Walker, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Southern Spreadwing
  • Lestes barbarus (Fabricius, 1798)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Southern Emerald Damselfly, Migrant Spreadwing
  • Lestes basidens Belle, 1997Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes bipupillatus Calvert, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes concinnus Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes congener Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Spotted Spreadwing
  • Lestes curvatus Belle, 1997Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes debellardi De Marmels, 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes dichrostigma Calvert, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes disjunctus Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Northern Spreadwing
  • Lestes dissimulans Fraser, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes dorothea Fraser, 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes dryas Kirby, 1890Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Emerald Spreadwing, Scarce Emerald Damselfly,
  • Lestes elatus Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes eurinus Say, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Amber-winged Spreadwing
  • Lestes falcifer Sjöstedt, 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes fernandoi Costa, De Souza & Muzón, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes forcipatus Rambur, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Sweetflag Spreadwing
  • Lestes forficula Rambur, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rainpool Spreadwing
  • Lestes garoensis Lahiri, 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes helix Ris, 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes henshawi Calvert, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes ictericus Gerstäcker, 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes inaequalis Walsh, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Elegant Spreadwing
  • Lestes japonicus Selys, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes jerrelli Tennessen, 1997Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes jurzitzai Muzon, 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes macrostigma (Eversmann, 1836)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Dark Emerald Damselfly
  • Lestes malabaricus Fraser, 1929Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes malaisei Schmidt, 1964Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes minutus Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes nigriceps Fraser, 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes nodalis Selys, 1891Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes numidicus Samraoui, Weekers & Dumont, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes ochraceus Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes pallidus Rambur, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes paulistus Calvert, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes pictus Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes pinheyi Fraser, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes plagiatus (Burmeister, 1839)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes praecellens Lieftinck, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes praemorsus Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes praevius Lieftinck, 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes pruinescens Martin, 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes quadristriatus Calvert, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes rectangularis Say, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Slender Spreadwing
  • Lestes regulatus Martin, 1910Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes scalaris Gundlach, 1888Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes secula May, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes sigma Calvert, 1901Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chalky Spreadwing
  • Lestes silvaticus Schmidt, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes simplex Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes simulatrix McLachlan, 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes spatula Fraser, 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes sponsa (Hansemann, 1823)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Emerald Damselfly,
  • Lestes spumarius Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Antillean Spreadwing
  • Lestes sternalis Navás, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes stultus Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Black Spreadwing
  • Lestes temporalis Selys, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes tenuatus Rambur, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Blue-striped Spreadwing
  • Lestes thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes tikalus Kormoondy, 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes trichonus Belle, 1997Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes tricolor Erichson, 1848Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes tridens McLachlan, 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1891Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes uncifer Karsch, 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes undulatus Say, 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes unguiculatus Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Lyre-tipped Spreadwing
  • Lestes urubamba Kennedy, 1942Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes vidua Hagen, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Carolina Spreadwing
  • Lestes vigilax Hagen in Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Swamp Spreadwing
  • Lestes virens (Charpentier, 1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Small Emerald Damselfly,
  • Lestes virgatus (Burmeister, 1839)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Lestidae (Orolestes wallacei) male (14242862012).jpg Orolestes Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Platylestes kirani mating.jpg Platylestes Selys, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sinhalestes Fraser, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Lestidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Davies, D. A. L. (1981). A synopsis of the extant genera of the Odonata. Soc. Int. Odonatol. 3 : i-xiv 1-59
  5. ↑ Bridges, C.A. (1994). Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Odonata of the world, 3e éd.. Urbana, Illinois. xiv 951 pp.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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