Frankokratia

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File:LatinEmpire2.png
The beginning of Frankokratia: the division of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade
File:Greece in 1210.svg
Greek and Latin states in southern Greece, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1210
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The Eastern Mediterranean c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1450 AD, showing the Ottoman Empire, the surviving Byzantine empire (purple) and the various Latin possessions in Greece

The Frankish Occupation (Template:Langx; anglicized as Template:Gloss), also known as the Latin Occupation (Template:Langx) and, for the Venetian domains, Venetian Occupation (Template:Langx), was the period in Greek history after the Fourth Crusade (1204), when a number of primarily French and Italian states were established by the Script error: No such module "Lang". on the territory of the partitioned Byzantine Empire.

The terms Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". derive from the name given by the Orthodox Greeks to the Western French and Italians who originated from territories that once belonged to the Frankish Empire, as this was the political entity that ruled much of the former Western Roman Empire after the collapse of Roman authority and power. The span of the Script error: No such module "lang". period differs by region: the political situation proved highly volatile, as the Frankish states fragmented and changed hands, and the Greek successor states re-conquered many areas.

With the exception of the Ionian Islands and some islands or forts that remained in Venetian hands until the turn of the 19th century, the, in some cases temporary, end of the Script error: No such module "lang". in most Greek lands came with the Ottoman conquest, chiefly in the 14th to 17th centuries.

Latin states

Latin Empire

The Latin Empire (1204–1261), centered in Constantinople and encompassing Thrace and Bithynia, was created as the successor of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade, while also exercising nominal suzerainty over the other Crusader principalities. Its territories were gradually reduced to little more than the capital, which was eventually captured by the Empire of Nicaea under the rule of Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261.

  • The Kingdom of Thessalonica (1205–1224), encompassing Macedonia and Thessaly. The brief existence of the Kingdom was almost continuously troubled by warfare with the Second Bulgarian Empire; eventually, it was conquered by the Despotate of Epirus.
  • The Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), encompassing the Morea or Peloponnese peninsula. It quickly emerged as the strongest state and prospered even after the demise of the Latin Empire. Its main rival was the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, which eventually succeeded in conquering the Principality. It also exercised suzerainty over the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia (1205–1388), and most of the other Latin states. In the 1380s, it fell under the control of Navarrese Company and they ended their vassalage to the Angevin kings of Naples in 1404.
  • The Duchy of Athens (1205–1458), with its two capitals Thebes and Athens, and encompassing Attica, Boeotia, and parts of southern Thessaly. In 1311, the Duchy was conquered by the Catalan Company and became part of the Crown of Aragon. In 1388, it passed into the hands of the Florentine Acciaiuoli family, which kept it until the Ottoman conquest in 1456.
  • The Duchy of Naxos or of the Archipelago (1207–1579), founded by the Sanudo family, it encompassed most of the Cyclades. In 1383, it passed under the control of the Crispo family. In 1418, Naxos became officially a vassal of Venice. The Duchy became an Ottoman vassal in 1537 and was finally annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1579.
  • Duchy of Philippopolis (1204 – after 1230), a fief of the Latin Empire in northern Thrace, until its capture by the Bulgarians.
  • The Marquisate of Bodonitsa (1204–1414), like Salona, was originally created as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica but later came under the influence of Achaea. In 1335, the Venetian Giorgi family took control and ruled until the Ottoman conquest in 1414.
  • The County of Salona (1205–1410), centred at Salona (modern Amfissa), like Bodonitsa, was formed as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica and later came under the influence of Achaea. It came under Catalan (thus became part of the Aragonese realm) and later NavarreseScript error: No such module "Unsubst". rule in the 14th century, before being sold to the Knights Hospitaller in 1403. It was finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1410.
  • The Triarchy of Negroponte (1205–1470), encompassing the island of Negroponte (Euboea), originally a vassal of Thessalonica, then of Achaea. It was fragmented into three baronies (terzi or "triarchies") run each by two barons (the sestieri). This fragmentation enabled Venice to gain influence by acting as mediators. By 1390 Venice had established direct control of the entire island, which remained in Venetian hands until 1470, when it was captured by the Ottomans.
  • Lemnos formed a fief of the Latin Empire under the Venetian Navigajoso family from 1207 until conquered by the Byzantines in 1278. Its rulers bore the title of megadux ("grand duke") of the Latin Empire.
  • Kingdom of Albania (1271–1383) was established after the fall of Constantinople but ruled by likewise Capetian House of Anjou. Latin Emperor Philip II held both titles 1313–1331. It was captured by Karl Thopia, a relative of the Angevins, of the Principality of Albania in the 1360s to 1380s. It became part of Venetian Albania in 1392, after the death of Karl's son Gjergj Thopia.

Minor Crusader principalities

Template:Campaignbox Byzantine-Latin Wars

Genoese colonies

Genoese attempts to occupy Corfu and Crete in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade were thwarted by the Venetians. It was only during the 14th century, exploiting the terminal decline of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, and often in agreement with the weakened Byzantine rulers, that various Genoese nobles established domains in the northeastern Aegean:

Venetian colonies

The Republic of Venice accumulated several possessions in Greece, which formed part of its Stato da Màr. Some of them survived until the fall of the Republic itself in 1797:

Gallery

Venetian possessions (till 1797)

See also

References

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Sources

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Further reading

External links

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