Large Indian civet
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The large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. The global population is thought to be decreasing due to hunting and trapping driven by the demand for bushmeat.[1]
Characteristics
The large Indian civet is grey or tawny and has a black spinal stripe running from behind the shoulders to the root of the tail. The front of the muzzle has a whitish patch emphasized by blackish behind on each side. The chin and fore throat are blackish. The sides and lower surface of the neck are banded with black stripes and white spaces in between. The tail has a variable number of complete black and white rings. Its claws are retractable. The soles of the feet are hairy.[2]
As indicated by its common name, this is a relatively large civet, almost certainly the largest of the Viverra species and exceeded in size among the Viverridae family only by African civets and binturongs. Its head-and-body length ranges from Script error: No such module "convert". with a Script error: No such module "convert". long tail. The hind foot measures Script error: No such module "convert".. Its weight ranges from Script error: No such module "convert".. Some sources claim the species can weigh up to Script error: No such module "convert". (though possibly attained in captivity).[3][4][5]
Distribution and habitat
The large Indian civet ranges from Nepal, northeast India, Bhutan, Bangladesh to Myanmar, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Singapore to Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and China.[1]
In Nepal, the large Indian civet was recorded up to Script error: No such module "convert". in the Himalayas.[6]
In China, the wild large Indian civet population declined drastically by 94–99% since the 1950s following deforestation, due to hunting for the fur trade, use of its musk glands as medicine and for the perfume industry.[3] By the 1990s, it was largely confined to the north of Guangdong Province in southern China, but has not been recorded in Hainan Island during surveys between 1998 and 2008.[7]
Ecology and behaviour
The large Indian civet is solitary and nocturnal. It spends most of the time on the ground. It is an opportunistic hunter that preys on a wide variety of small animals.[1]
Radio-tracked large Indian civets in Thailand had home ranges of Script error: No such module "convert"..[8]
Conservation
Viverra zibetha is a protected species in Hong Kong under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170, though it has not been recorded in a natural state in Hong Kong since the 1970s, and is considered extirpated.[9]
Taxonomy
Viverra zibetha was the scientific name for the large Indian civet introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[10] Several naturalists proposed species and subspecies in the 19th and 20th centuries, of which the following were recognised as valid subspecies by 2005:[11]
- V. z. zibetha is the nominate subspecies and occurs in Nepal and Northeast India.[2][12]
- Viverra ashtoni described by Robert Swinhoe in 1864 was a skin of an individual that was shot near the upper Min River in China's Fujian Province;[13] occurs in China.[12]
- V. z. picta described by Robert Charles Wroughton in 1915 was based on two skins from the vicinity of Hkamti by the upper Chindwin River in Myanmar;[14] occurs from Assam and northern Myanmar to Indochina.[2][12]
- V. z. pruinosa also described by Wroughton in 1915 was a skin of an adult male large Indian civet from Myanmar's Tanintharyi Region;[14] occurs from southern Myanmar to Peninsular Malaysia.[12]
- V. z. hainana described by Ying-Xiang Wang and Xu in 1983 from Hainan Island.[3]
References
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- ↑ Menon, V. (2014). Indian mammals: a Field Guide. Hachette India.
- ↑ Hahn, A. (2019). Zoo and Wild Mammal Formulary. John Wiley & Sons.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Simcharoen, S. (1999). Home range size, habitat utilization and daily activities of Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha). Research and progress report year 1999, Wildlife Research Division, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok.
- ↑ Shek, C. T. (2006). A Field Guide to the Terrestrial Mammals of Hong Kong. Friends of the Country Parks / Cosmos Books, Hong Kong. 403 pp. Template:ISBN. Page 281
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External links
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