Lanzarote

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Lanzarote (Template:IPAc-en,[1][2] Template:IPAc-en, Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands, Script error: No such module "convert". off the north coast of Africa and Script error: No such module "convert". from the Iberian Peninsula.

Covering Script error: No such module "convert"., Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 163,230 inhabitants at the beginning of 2024,[3] it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993.[4] The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline.[5] It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.

The first recorded name for the island, given by Italian-Majorcan cartographer Angelino Dulcert, was Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus, after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, from which the modern name is derived. The island's name in the native Guanche language was Tyterogaka or Tytheroygaka, which may mean "one that is all ochre" (referring to the island's predominant colour previous to the Timanfaya eruption).[6]

History

File:Flag of Lanzarote.svg
Flag of Lanzarote

Lanzarote is believed to have been the first Canary Island to be settled. The Phoenicians may have visited or settled there, though no material evidence survives. The first known record came from Roman author Pliny the Elder in the encyclopaedia Naturalis Historia on an expedition to the Canary Islands.[7] The names of the islands (then called Insulae Fortunatae or the "Fortunate Isles") were recorded as Junonia (Fuerteventura), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Ninguaria (Tenerife), Junonia Major (La Palma), Pluvialia (El Hierro), and Capraria (La Gomera). Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the two easternmost Canary Islands, were only mentioned as the archipelago of the "purple islands".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Roman poet Lucan and the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy gave their precise locations.[8] It was settled by the Majos tribe of the Guanches.[9] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, interaction with the Canary Islands is unrecorded before 999, when the Arabs arrived at the island which they dubbed al-Djezir al-Khalida (among other names).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 1336, a ship arrived from Lisbon under the guidance of Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, who used the alias "Lanzarote da Framqua". A fort was later built in the area of Montaña de Guanapay near today's Teguise. Castilian slaving expeditions in 1385 and 1393 seized hundreds of Guanches and sold them in Spain, initiating the slave trade in the islands.[10][11] French explorer Jean de Béthencourt arrived in 1402, heading a private expedition under Castilian auspices. Bethencourt first visited the south of Lanzarote at Playas de Papagayo, and the French overran the island within a matter of months.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The island lacked mountains and gorges to serve as hideouts for the remaining Guanche population, and so many Guanches were taken away as slaves that only 300 Guanche men were said to have remained.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

At the southern end of the Yaiza municipality, the first European settlement in the Canary Islands appeared in 1402 in the area known as El Rubicón, where the conquest of the Archipelago began.[12] In this place, the Cathedral of Saint Martial of Limoges was built. The cathedral was destroyed by English pirates in the 16th century. A diocese was moved in 1483 to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias).[12] In 1404, the Castilians (with the support of the King of Castile) came and fought the local Guanches, who were further decimated. The islands of Fuerteventura and El Hierro were later similarly conquered. In 1477, a decision by the royal council of Castile confirmed a grant of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the smaller islands of Ferro and Gomera to the Castilian nobles Herrera, who held their fief until the end of the 18th century.[13] In 1586, the Ottoman admiral Murat Reis temporarily seized Lanzarote.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In the 17th century, pirates raided the island and took 1,000 inhabitants into slavery in Cueva de los Verdes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Lanzarote and Fuerteventura would be the main exporters of wheat and cereals to the central islands of the archipelago during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries; Tenerife and Gran Canaria.[14] Although this trade was almost never reversed for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (due to the fact that the landowners of these islands profited from this activity), producing periods of famine, so the population of these islands had to travel to Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The island of Tenerife is a major focus of attraction for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, hence the feeling of union that has always existed in the popular sphere with Tenerife.[14]

File:Montaña del Señalo.jpg
Lava and pyroclast-covered fields in the central part of Lanzarote, with volcanoes from the 1730-1736 eruption in the background.

From 1730 to 1736, the island was hit by a series of volcanic eruptions, producing 32 new volcanoes in a stretch of Script error: No such module "convert"..[15] The priest of Yaiza, Don Andrés Lorenzo Curbelo, documented the eruption in detail until 1731. Lava covered a quarter of the island's surface, including the most fertile soil and 11 villages. 100 smaller volcanoes were located in the area called Montañas del Fuego, the "Mountains of Fire".[16] In 1768, drought affected the deforested island, and winter rains did not fall. Much of the population was forced to emigrate to Cuba and the Americas, including a group which formed a significant addition to the Spanish settlers in Texas at San Antonio de Bexar in 1731.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 1927, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura became part of the province of Las Palmas. Several archaeological expeditions have uncovered the prehistoric settlement at the archaeologic site of El Bebedero in the village of Teguise.[17] In one of those expeditions, by a team from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and a team from the University of Zaragoza, yielded about 100 Roman potsherds, nine pieces of metal, and one piece of glass. The artefacts were found in strata dated between the 1st and 4th centuries. They show that Romans did trade with the Canarians, though there is no evidence of settlements.[8]

File:Lanzarote San Bartolomé morning.jpg
Characteristic white houses of the towns and villages on the volcanic landscape of Lanzarote.

The island has a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve protected site status. According to a report in the Financial Times, this status was endangered by a local corruption scandal. Since May 2009, police have arrested the former president of Lanzarote, the former mayor of Arrecife and more than 20 politicians and businessmen in connection with illegal building permits along Lanzarote's coastline. UNESCO has threatened to revoke Lanzarote's Biosphere Reserve status, "if the developments are not respecting local needs and are impacting on the environment".[18][19] The President of the Cabildo of Lanzarote denied "any threat to Lanzarote's UNESCO status".[20]

File:El Jable from Famara cliffs.jpg
The El Jable area and Famara Beach seen from the Famara cliffs in the northwest part of Lanzarote.

Geography

File:Atlantic Ocean at Los Picollos, Lanzarote.jpg
Atlantic Ocean at Los Picollos, Lanzarote

Lanzarote is located Script error: No such module "convert". north-west of Africa, Script error: No such module "convert". north-east of Fuerteventura and just over Script error: No such module "convert". from La Graciosa. The dimensions of the island are Script error: No such module "convert". from north to south and Script error: No such module "convert". from west to east. Lanzarote has Script error: No such module "convert". of coastline, of which Script error: No such module "convert". are sand, Script error: No such module "convert". are beach, and the remainder is rocky. Its landscape includes the mountain ranges of Famara (Script error: No such module "convert".)[21] in the north and Ajaches (Script error: No such module "convert".) to the south. South of the Famara massif is the El Jable desert, which separates Famara and Montañas del Fuego. The highest peak is Peñas del Chache, rising to Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level. The "Tunnel of Atlantis", the largest underwater volcanic tunnel in the world, is part of the Cueva de los Verdes lava tube.[22]

Climate

Often called the "Island of Eternal Spring",[23] Lanzarote has a subtropical hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climatic classification.[24] The small amount of precipitation is mainly concentrated in the winter. Rainfall during summer is a rare phenomenon and very often summers are completely dry without any precipitation. On average the island receives approximately 16 days of precipitation between December and February.[23] Sometimes, the hot sirocco wind prevails, causing dry and dusty conditions across the island.[23] Average precipitation in June and August is less than Script error: No such module "convert"..

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Geology

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File:Caldera de Los Cuervos.jpg
Caldera de Los Cuervos in Los Volcanes Natural Park
File:Montaña Colorada Lanzarote.jpg
Montaña Colorada in Los Volcanes Natural Park

Lanzarote is the northernmost and easternmost island of the main Canary Islands and has a volcanic origin.[25] The island emerged about 15 million years ago as product of the Canary hotspot. The island, along with others, emerged after the breakup of the African and the American continental plates. The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736. The eruption period started outside the Timanfaya National Park area, at Caldera de Los Cuervos volcano on 1 September 1730 and ended with the eruption of Montaña Colorada volcano, Template:Cvt north-east of El Cuervo, which has ceased the activity on 16 April 1736.[26]

Biodiversity

File:La Geria vines.jpg
Malvasia grape vines growing in topsoil covered in lapilli, in La Geria. The low, curved walls protect the vines from the constant, drying wind.

Flora

There are five hundred different kinds of plants on the island, of which 17 species are endemic. These plants have adapted to the relative scarcity of water in the same way as succulents. They include the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), which is found in damper areas of the north, the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis), ferns, and wild olive trees (Olea europaea). Laurisilva trees, which once covered the highest parts of Risco de Famara, are rarely found today.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". After winter rainfall, the vegetation comes to a colourful bloom between February and March.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The vineyards of La Gería, Lanzarote DO wine region, are a protected area. Single vines are planted in pits Script error: No such module "convert". wide and Script error: No such module "convert". deep, with small stone walls around each pit. This agricultural technique is designed to harvest rainfall and overnight dew and to protect the plants from the winds.[15]

Fungi

There are 180 different species of lichen-forming fungi. These survive in the suitable areas like rock surfaces, and promote weathering.

Fauna

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Apart from the native bats and the mammals which accompanied humans to the island (including the dromedary, which was used for agriculture and is now a tourist attraction), there are few vertebrate species on Lanzarote. These include birds (such as falcons) and reptiles. Some interesting endemic animals are the Gallotia lizards and the blind Munidopsis polymorpha crabs found in the Jameos del Agua salt lake, which was formed by a volcanic eruption. The island is also home to one of two surviving populations of the threatened Canarian Egyptian vulture.

Natural symbols

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The official natural symbols associated with Lanzarote are Munidopsis polymorpha (Blind crab) and Euphorbia balsamifera (Tabaiba dulce).[27]

Demographics

File:Lanzarote 1 Luc Viatour.jpg
Papagayo Beach

since 2024Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Script error: No such module "val". people live on Lanzarote, an increase of 4.6% from the previous year (Script error: No such module "val".).[3] The seat of the island government (Cabildo insular) is in the capital, Arrecife, which has a population of Script error: No such module "val". in 2024.[3] According to the 2024 census, the majority of the inhabitants are Spanish (76.1%) with a sizeable number of residents of other nationalities, notably Colombians (4.4%), Britons (3.8%), Italians (2.6%), Moroccans (2.4%) and Germans (1.4%).[28]

Nationality Population Percentage
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Colombian Script error: No such module "val". Template:Percentage bar
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Administration

Lanzarote is part of the province of Las Palmas, and is divided into seven municipalities:

Name Area
(km2) 		Census Population Estimated
Population
(2024)[29]
2001[30] 2011[31] 2021[32]
Arrecife 22.72 44,980 55,381 64,278 68,025
Haría 106.59 4,027 5,054 5,395 5,590
San Bartolomé 40.89 13,030 18,118 19,305 19,664
Teguise 263.98 12,392 20,294 22,976 23,762
Tías 64.61 12,820 19,148 20,469 21,456
Tinajo 135.28 4,512 5,738 6,441 6,832
Yaiza 211.85 5,020 14,468 17,080 17,901
Totals 845.92 96,781 138,201 155,944 163,230

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Transport

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Air

The island's main point of entry is César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport which, in 2018, handled Script error: No such module "val". passengers.[33] It was renamed in 2019 to include the name of local artist César Manrique, in honour of the legacy he left behind on the island and coinciding with the centenary of his birth.[34] The airport has two passenger terminal buildings, T1 and T2, with T2 being used exclusively for inter-island flights to and from the other Canary Islands. These inter-island flights are operated by regional airlines Binter Canarias and Canaryfly. Lanzarote Airport is located about Script error: No such module "convert". southwest of the island's capital, Arrecife, to which it is connected by the LZ-2 road.

Sea

Most of the goods arrive by sea through the Port of Arrecife, Puerto de los Mármoles. This port is also used by cruise ships. There are regular ferry lines that connect the Port of Arrecife with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Cadiz.

Three ferry companies (Fred Olsen Express, Naviera Armas and Líneas Marítimas Romero) operate several times a day between Playa Blanca, the southernmost town on Lanzarote, and Corralejo on the northern coast of Fuerteventura.[35] Ferries to the island of La Graciosa depart from Órzola, Lanzarote's northernmost town. The two main companies operating these services are Fred Olsen Express and Naviera Armas.

Road

The LZ-1 road connects the capital, Arrecife, to the northernmost town of Órzola. The LZ-2 road connects Arrecife to the southernmost town of Playa Blanca. LZ-3 is a highway that acts as a ring road around Arrecife, connecting Puerto de los Mármoles on the northern side of the city to LZ-2 on the southern side. These three roads form the island's central road axis from which other roads connect to the rest of the island's towns, settlements and points of interest.

Public transport on the island is provided by Arrecife Bus, operating under the name of Intercity Bus Lanzarote. The company operates 30 bus lines connecting the island's major and minor settlements, as well as serving the airport, and includes internal bus services in the towns of Playa Blanca, San Bartolomé and Tías. Most lines begin or end in the capital, Arrecife.[36] The public bus service within the city of Arrecife is provided by the local council and consists of five lines, including one to the neighbouring town of Playa Honda.[37]

Notable people

Festivals

The most established festival on the island is held each year on 15 September in the village of Mancha Blanca, in honour of Our Lady of Dolours (Virgen de los Dolores), also called the "Virgin of the Volcanoes" (the Patron Saint of Lanzarote). People from all over the island participate in this pilgrimage, mostly dressed in traditional costumes.

Sport

The island's only professional football team is UD Lanzarote, founded in 1970 who play at the 7,000 capacity Ciudad Deportiva de Lanzarote. The island is also home to smaller clubs CD Teguise and CD Orientación Marítima. In tennis, the Open Isla de Lanzarote was hosted between 2006 and 2008.

Views

File:Panoramic view of Lanzarote from the peak of Montaña Blanca.jpg
Panoramic view of Lanzarote, from Los Ajaches on the SW, over Timanfaya National Park, to the Famara cliffs and mountain range on the NE, as seen from the peak of Montaña Blanca.
File:Hacha grande from papagayo pano.jpg
Hacha Grande, in the south of the island, viewed from the road to Papagayo beach
File:Panoramic view of the central part of Lanzarote.jpg
Panoramic view of lava and pyroclastic rock covered landscape in the central part of Lanzarote.
File:Salinas de Janubio at Lanzarote.jpg
Salinas de Janubio, in the west of the island
File:El Golfo Charco de los Clicos Panorama.jpg
Crater and laguna in El Golfo

References

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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b San Marcial del Rubicón y los Obispados de Canarias
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Building craze threatens to end Lanzarote's biosphere status The Independent. 7 July 2010
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Photo: Famara Official Tourism Office of the Canaries Template:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Estimate at 1 January 2024: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
  30. ↑ Census at 1 November 2001: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
  31. ↑ Census at 1 November 2011: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
  32. ↑ Census at 1 January 2021: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid.
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". a fiction thriller set entirely on the island.

External links

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