Land speed record

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File:ThrustSSC.jpg
ThrustSSC, driven by Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green, holds the current land speed record at Template:Cvt set October 15, 1997.

The land speed record (LSR) or absolute land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. By a 1964 agreement between the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), respective governing bodies for racing in automobiles and motorcycles (two or three wheels), both bodies recognise as the absolute LSR whatever is the highest speed record achieved across any of their various categories.[1] While the three-wheeled Spirit of America set an FIM-validated LSR in 1963, all subsequent LSRs are by vehicles in FIA Category C ("Special Vehicles") in either class JE (jet engine) or class RT (rocket powered).[2][3]

FIA LSRs are officiated and validated by its regional or national affiliate organizations.[4] Speed measurement is standardized over a course measuring either Template:Convert or Template:Convert, averaged over two runs with flying start (commonly called "passes")[5] going in opposite directions within one hour. A new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated.[6]

History

File:STES-AEG Versuchstriebwagen.jpg
German AEG railcar in 1903: Template:Convert

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Until 1829 the fastest land transport was by horse. Then, railway speed records were set.

The first automobile record regulator was the Automobile Club de France, which proclaimed itself arbiter of the record in about 1902.[7]

File:Rc05640.jpg
Ralph DePalma in his Packard '905' Special at Daytona Beach in 1919
File:White Triplex n041942.jpg
The White Triplex in 1928, driven by Ray Keech

Different clubs had different standards and did not always recognize the same world records[8] until 1924, when the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) introduced new regulations: two passes in opposite directions (to negate the effects of wind) averaged with a maximum of 30 minutes (later more) between runs, average gradient of the racing surface not more than 1 percent, timing gear accurate within 0.01sec, and cars must be wheel-driven.[9] National or regional auto clubs (such as AAA and SCTA) had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized.[10] The AIACR became the FIA in 1947. Controversy arose in 1963: Spirit of America was not recognized due to its being a three-wheeler (leading the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme to certify it as a three-wheel motorcycle record when the FIA refused) and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special jet and rocket propelled class.[11] No holder of the absolute record since has been wheel-driven.

In the U.S. and Australia, record runs are often done on salt flats, so the cars are often called salt cars.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Women's land speed record

File:Miss Dorothy Levitt, in a 26hp Napier, Brooklands, 1908.jpg
Dorothy Levitt, in a Template:Cvt Napier, at Brooklands, England, in 1908

The FIA does not recognize separate men's and women's land speed records, because the records are set using motorized vehicles, and not muscle-powered vehicles, so the gender of the driver does not matter; however, unofficial women's records have long been claimed, seemingly starting with Dorothy Levitt's 1906 record in Blackpool, England, and, unlike the FIA and other car-racing organisations, Guinness World Records does recognize gender-based land speed records.[12]

In 1906, Dorothy Levitt broke the women's world speed record for the flying kilometer, recording a speed of Template:Cvt and receiving the sobriquet the "Fastest Girl on Earth". She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a Template:Cvt development of the K5, in a speed trial in Blackpool.[13][14][15]

In 1963, Paula Murphy drove a Studebaker Avanti to Template:Cvt at the Bonneville Salt Flats as part of Andy Granatelli's attempt on the overall record.[12] In 1964, she was asked by the tire company Goodyear to try to improve her own record, which she raised to Template:Cvt in Walt Arfons's jet dragster Avenger.[12][16] The rival tire company Firestone and Art Arfons hit back against Goodyear and Walt Arfons when Betty Skelton drove Art's Cyclops to achieve a two-way average of Template:Cvt in September 1965.[12]

Five weeks later, Goodyear hit back against Firestone with Lee Breedlove.[12] While recordkeeping has not been as extensive, a report in 1974 confirmed that a record was held by Lee Breedlove, the wife of then overall record holder Craig Breedlove, who piloted her husband's Spirit of America – Sonic I to a record Template:Cvt in 1965.[17] According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt.[18]

In 1976, the women's absolute record was set by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet-powered, three-wheeled SMI Motivator, at the Alvord Desert.[19] Held back by her contract with a sponsor and using only 60 percent of her car's power, O'Neil reached an average speed of Template:Cvt.[20][21]

On October 9, 2013, driver Jessi Combs, in a vehicle of the North American Eagle Project running at the Alvord Desert, raised the women's four-wheel land speed class record with an official run of Template:Cvt, surpassing Breedlove's 48-year-old record.[22] Combs continued with the North American Eagle Project, whose ongoing target is the overall land speed record; as part of that effort, Combs was killed, on August 27, 2019, during an attempt to raise the four-wheel record.[23] In late June 2020, the Guinness Book of Records reclassified the August 27, 2019 speed runs as meeting its requirements, and Combs was posthumously credited with the record at Template:Cvt, noting she was the first to break the record in 40 years.[24]

Records

1898–1964 (wheel-driven)

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Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments
Over 1 km Over 1 mile
(mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)
December 18, 1898 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc[25] Electric 39.24 63.15 [26] Conducted over Template:Convert from a flying start.[27]
January 17, 1899 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Camille Jenatzy[25] GCA Dogcart Electric 41.42 66.66 [26]
January 17, 1899 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc Electric 43.93 70.31 [26]
January 27, 1899 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Camille Jenatzy GCA Dogcart Electric 49.93 80.35 [26]
March 4, 1899 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc Profilée Electric 57.65 92.78 [26]
April 29, 1899 Template:Flagicon Achères, France Template:Flagicon Camille Jenatzy CITA No 25 La Jamais Contente Electric 65.79 105.88 First purpose-designed land speed racer[28] First record over Template:Convert[26]
April 13, 1902 Template:Flagicon Nice, France Template:Flagicon Léon Serpollet Gardner-Serpollet
Œuf de Pâques (Easter Egg)		 Steam[7] 75.06 120.80
August 5, 1902 Template:Flagicon Ablis, France Template:Flagicon William Kissam Vanderbilt II Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion 76.03 122.438 First internal combustion powered record[7]
November 5, 1902 Template:Flagicon Dourdan, France Template:Flagicon Henri Fournier Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion
V4, 9.2-litre, 60 bhp 		76.59 123.25 [29]
November 17, 1902 Template:Flagicon Dourdan, France Template:Flagicon Maurice Augières Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion 77.13 124.13 [26]
July 17, 1903 Template:Flagicon Ostend, Belgium Template:Flagicon Arthur Duray Gobron Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 83.46 132.32 [26]
November 5, 1903 Template:Flagicon Dourdan, France Template:Flagicon Arthur Duray Gobron Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 84.73 136.35 [29]
January 12, 1904 Template:Flagicon New Baltimore, United States Template:Flagicon Henry Ford Ford 999 Racer Internal combustion 91.37 147.05 [30]
March 31, 1904 Template:Flagicon Nice, France Template:Flagicon Louis Rigolly Gobron-Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 94.78 152.53 [26]
May 25, 1904 Template:Flagicon Ostend, Belgium Template:Flagicon Pierre de Caters Mercedes Simplex 90 Internal combustion 97.25 156.50 [26]
July 21, 1904[29] Template:Flagicon Ostend, Belgium Template:Flagicon Louis Rigolly Gobron-Brillié Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 103.56 166.66 First record over Template:Convert,[26] 2 months after City of Truro's.
November 13, 1904 Template:Flagicon Ostend, Belgium Template:Flagicon Paul Baras Darracq Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 104.53 168.22 [26]
December 30, 1905 Template:Flagicon Arles, France Template:Flagicon Victor Hémery Darracq Special Internal combustion 109.59 176.37 [26]
January 26, 1906 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Fred Marriott Stanley Rocket[9] Steam 127.66 205.44 First record over Template:Convert. First faster than contemporary rail speed record. Fastest steam-powered land vehicle until 2009.[31]
November 8, 1909[32] Template:Flagicon Brooklands, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Victor Hémery Benz No. 1
200 hp (150 kW)		 Internal combustion:
Template:Convert inline-4 Benz engine		 125.94 202.68 115.93 186.57 First run using electronic timing[9]
June 24, 1914 Template:Flagicon Brooklands, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Lydston Hornsted Benz No. 3
200 hp (150 kW)		 Internal combustion:
Template:Convert inline-4 Benz engine 		— 124.09 199.70 First 2-way record, set at Brooklands under new Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) 2-way rule[9]
May 17, 1922 Template:Flagicon Brooklands, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Kenelm Lee Guinness Sunbeam 350HP V12, single ohc, 18.3 litre,
350 b.h.p. engine		 133.75 215.25 The third and last time the record was set at Brooklands[29]
July 6, 1924 Template:Flagicon Arpajon, France Template:Flagicon René Thomas Délage Internal combustion, V12, ohv, 10.6 litre, 280 bhp engine 143.31 230.634 [29]
July 12, 1924 Template:Flagicon Arpajon, France Template:Flagicon Ernest Eldridge FIAT Mephistopheles Internal combustion:
Template:Convert inline-6 FIAT A.12 aero engine 		— 145.89 234.98 Fastest land speed record ever on a public road[9]
September 25, 1924 Template:Flagicon Pendine, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Sunbeam aero engine 		— 146.16 235.22 First land speed record by Malcolm Campbell[33]
July 21, 1925 Template:Flagicon Pendine, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Sunbeam aero engine 		— 150.87 242.8 First person to travel on land at over Template:Convert[33]
March 16, 1926 Template:Flagicon Ainsdale beach at Southport, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Henry Segrave Ladybird Internal combustion: a 4-litre Sunbeam Tiger
 152.33 245.15
April 27, 1926 Template:Flagicon Pendine, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon J. G. Parry-Thomas Babs Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine 		169.29 270.864 168.74 269.984 [34]
April 28, 1926 Template:Flagicon Pendine, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon J. G. Parry-Thomas Babs Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine 		172.09 275.341 171.69 274.590 [35]
February 4, 1927 Template:Flagicon Pendine, United Kingdom Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Napier-Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion aero engine 		— 174.88 281.44 [33]
March 29, 1927 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Henry Segrave Mystery
(aka "Sunbeam 1000 hp")		 Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert V12 Sunbeam Matabele aero engines		 203.79 327.97 The first car to reach a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h)[36]
February 19, 1928 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Napier-Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion aero engine		 206.956 333.048 [10]
April 22, 1928 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Ray Keech Triplex Special Internal combustion:
3 × Template:Convert V12 Liberty L-12 aero engines		 207.552 334.007 [37]
March 11, 1929 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Henry Segrave Golden Arrow Internal combustion:
Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion aero engine		 231.446 372.459 Segrave was knighted for this effort[38]
February 5, 1931 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States[29] Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		 246.09 396.025 Campbell was knighted for this effort[38]
February 24, 1932 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		 253.97 408.73 First Template:Convert pass.[33]
February 22, 1933 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 272.46 438.48 [33]
March 7, 1935 Template:Flagicon Daytona Beach, United States Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 276.816 445.472 [38]
September 3, 1935 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 301.129 484.598 First Template:Convert pass, first absolute record set at Bonneville[38]
November 19, 1937 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		 311.42 501.16 [38]
August 27, 1938 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines 		345.49 [38] 556.012
September 15, 1938 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon John Cobb Railton Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines		 350.2 563.566 [38]
September 16, 1938 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		 357.5 575.314 [38]
August 23, 1939 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon John Cobb Railton Special Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 		369.74 [38] 595.04 367.91 592.091
September 16, 1947 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon John Cobb Railton Mobil Special Internal combustion:
2 × Template:Convert W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 		394.196 [9] 634.397 394.19 634.39 First single pass at over 400 mph (402 mph)
July 17, 1964 Template:Flagicon Lake Eyre, Australia Template:Flagicon Donald Campbell Bluebird CN7 Turboshaft: 1 × Template:Convert Bristol Proteus gas turbine 403.10 [39][40] 648.73 Last wheel driven absolute record.

1963–present (jet and rocket propulsion)

Craig Breedlove's mark of Template:Convert,[11][41] set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was initially considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds: it had only three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) created a non-wheel-driven category, and ratified Spirit of AmericaTemplate:'s time for this mark.[11] On July 17, 1964, Donald Campbell's Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of Template:Convert on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedlove's time.[42] In October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification.[42] The confusion of having three different LSRs lasted until December 11, 1964, when the FIA and FIM met in Paris and agreed to recognize as an absolute LSR the higher speed recorded by either body, by any vehicles running on wheels, whether wheel-driven or not.[1]

Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments
Over 1 km Over 1 mile
(mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)
August 5, 1963 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 407.447 655.722 [11][41] Initially considered unofficial since the vehicle had 3 wheels. Later ratified by FIM.
October 2, 1964 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Tom Green Wingfoot Express Turbojet 413.2 665.0 [11]
October 5, 1964 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 434.03 698.50 [11]
October 13, 1964 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 468.719 754.330 [26]
October 15, 1964 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 526.277 846.961 [26]
October 27, 1964 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 536.710 863.751 [26]
November 2, 1965 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Craig Breedlove Spirit of America – Sonic 1 Turbojet 555.485 893.966 555.485 893.966 [43]
November 7, 1965 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 576.553 927.872 576.553 927.872 [26]
November 15, 1965 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Craig Breedlove Spirit of America – Sonic 1 Turbojet 594 955.950 600.601 966.574 First thrust powered record to be ratified by the FIA
October 23, 1970 Template:Flagicon Bonneville Salt Flats, United States Template:Flagicon Gary Gabelich Blue Flame Rocket 630.478 1014.656 622.407 1001.667 [44]
October 4, 1983 Template:Flagicon Black Rock Desert, United States Template:Flagicon Richard Noble Thrust2 Turbojet: 1 × Rolls-Royce Avon 634.051 1020.406 633.47 1019.47 [44]
September 25, 1997 Template:Flagicon Black Rock Desert, United States Template:Flagicon Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 × Rolls-Royce Spey 713.990 1149.055 714.144 1149.303 [44]
October 15, 1997 Template:Flagicon Black Rock Desert, United States Template:Flagicon Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 × Rolls-Royce Spey 760.343 1223.657 763.035 1227.986 [45] First to break the speed of sound

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Extreme motion Template:Records

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Regulations for Record Attempts – CHAPTER 2 Template:Webarchive – FIA
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Northey, p.1163.
  10. ↑ a b Northey, p.1164.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Northey, p.1166.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Hull, Peter G. "Napier: The Stradivarius of the Road", in Northey, Tom, ed. The World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 13, p.1483.
  14. ↑ G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ "Knowingly Navigating the Unknown Template:Webarchive", Maria Russo, The New York Times, May 7, 2013
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b Northey, p.1161.
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b c d e f Posthumus, Cyril. Land Speed Record: A complete history of the record-breaking cars from 39 to 600+ mph (Osprey Publishing, Reading, 1971)
  30. ↑ Cars Against the Clock, The World Land Speed Record, Robert B. Jackson (New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc.), p.19, Template:ISBN
  31. ↑ [1] Template:Webarchive – The British Steam Car Challenge
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b c d e Scott A. G. M. Crawford, "Campbell, Sir Malcolm (1885–1948)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 20 April 2013 Template:Webarchive
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Holthusen, Peter J.R. (1986). The Land Speed Record Template:ISBN
  37. ↑ Northey, Tom (1974). "Land Speed Record: The Fastest Men on Earth". In Tom Northey. World of Automobiles. Vol. 10 (London: Orbis), pp.1164–5.
  38. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Northey, p.1165.
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Twite, Mike. "Craig Breedlove: Toward the Sound Barrier", in World of Automobiles (Volume 2, p.231).
  42. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Cars Against the Clock, The Fastest Men on Earth, Clifton, Paul, New York, The John Day Company, page 238, L.C. 66-15097
  44. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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