Lake retention time

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Refimprove

File:Illustration of the concept "lake retention time".png
The lake retention time for a body of water with the volume Script error: No such module "convert". and the exit flow of Script error: No such module "convert". is 20 hours.

Lake retention time (also called the residence time of lake water, or the water age or flushing time) is a calculated quantity expressing the mean time that water (or some dissolved substance) spends in a particular lake. At its simplest, this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It roughly expresses the amount of time taken for a substance introduced into a lake to flow out of it again. The retention time is particularly important where downstream flooding or pollutants are concerned.

Global retention time

The global retention time for a lake (the overall mean time that water spends in the lake) is calculated by dividing the lake volume by either the mean rate of inflow of all tributaries, or by the mean rate of outflow (ideally including evaporation and seepage). This metric assumes that water in the lake is well-mixed (rather than stratified), so that any portion of the lake water is much like any other. In reality, larger and deeper lakes are generally not well-mixed. Many large lakes can be divided into distinct portions with only limited flow between them. Deep lakes are generally stratified, with deeper water mixing infrequently with surface water. These are often better modeled as several distinct sub-volumes of water.[1]

More specific residence times

It is possible to calculate more specific residence time figures for a particular lake, such as individual residence times for sub-volumes (e.g. particular arms), or a residence time distribution for the various layers of a stratified lake. These figures can often better express the hydrodynamics of the lake. However, any such approach remains a simplification and must be guided by an understanding of the processes operating in the lake.

Two approaches can be used (often in combination) to elucidate how a particular lake works: field measurements and mathematical modeling. One common technique for field measurement is to introduce a tracer into the lake and monitor its movement. This can be a solid tracer, such as a float constructed to be neutrally buoyant within a particular water layer, or sometimes a liquid. This approach is sometimes referred to as using a Lagrangian reference frame. Another field measurement approach, using an Eulerian reference frame, is to capture various properties of the lake water (including mass movement, water temperature, electrical conductivity and levels of dissolved substances, typically oxygen) at various fixed positions in the lake. From these can be constructed an understanding of the dominant processes operating in the various parts of the lake and their range and duration.[1]

Field measurements alone are usually not a reliable basis for generating residence times, mainly because they necessarily represent a small subset of locations and conditions. Therefore, the measurements are generally used as the input for numerical models. In theory it would be possible to integrate a system of hydrodynamic equations with variable boundary conditions over a very long period sufficient for inflowing water particles to exit the lake. One could then calculate the traveling times of the particles using a Lagrangian method. However, this approach exceeds the detail available in current hydrodynamic models and the capacity of current computer resources. Instead, residence time models developed for gas and fluid dynamics, chemical engineering, and bio-hydrodynamics can be adapted to generate residence times for sub-volumes of lakes.[1]

Renewal time

One useful mathematical model is the measurement of how quickly inflows are able to refill a lake. Renewal time is a specific measure of retention time, where the focus is on 'how long does it take to completely replace all water in a lake.' This is modeling can only be done with an accurate budget of all water gained and lost by the system. Renewal time simply becomes a question how quickly could the inflows of the lake fill the entire volume of the basin (this does still assume the outflows are unchanged). For example if Lake Michigan was emptied, it would take 99 years for its tributaries to completely refill the lake.[2]

List of residence times of lake water

The residence time listed is taken from the infobox in the associated article unless otherwise specified.

Lake Location Basin countries Residence time
Stausee Ferden Ferden, Valais Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Wohlen / Wohlensee Canton of Bern Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Hévíz Hévíz Hungary Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake St. Clair Great Lakes Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Arapuni North Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Milton Pond Strafford County, New Hampshire, York County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Gibson Lake Gibson Generating Station, Princeton, Indiana United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Råcksta Träsk Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Sagami Kanagawa Japan Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Cristallina Ticino Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Northeast Pond Strafford County, New Hampshire; York County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Brandy Pond Naples, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Champagne Pool Waiotapu, North Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Prospect reservoir Prospect, New South Wales Australia Script error: No such module "sort".
Sicklasjön Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Devils Lake Lincoln County, Oregon United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lough Derg Shannon River Basin Ireland Script error: No such module "sort".
Derwent Water Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Biel / Bielersee / Lac de Bienne Canton of Bern Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Veluwemeer Flevoland, Gelderland Netherlands Script error: No such module "sort".
Hacksjön Tullinge Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Kamloops Lake British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Malham Tarn North Yorkshire, England United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac d'Anterne Passy, Haute-Savoie France Script error: No such module "sort".
Graham Lake Hancock County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Grand Lac de Clairvaux Jura department, Franche-Comté France Script error: No such module "sort".
Laduviken Djurgården Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Esthwaite Water Lake District, Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Trehörningen Huddinge, Southern Stockholm County Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac de Divonne Divonne-les-Bains, Ain France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Lesina / Lago di Lesina Province of Foggia, Apulia Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Seeweidsee Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Hüttnersee Hütten, Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Lauerz / Lauerzersee Canton of Schwyz Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Morris Lake Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Sobradinho Reservoir Sobradinho, Bahia Brazil Script error: No such module "sort".
Balch Pond Carroll County, New Hampshire; York County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Magelungen Huddinge Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Russell Lake Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Loweswater Lake District, Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lappkärret Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lough Feeagh County Mayo Ireland Script error: No such module "sort".
Egelsee Bubikon, Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac de Vouglans Jura, Franche-Comté France Script error: No such module "sort".
Mettmenhaslisee Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Albysjön Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Chesuncook Lake Piscataquis County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Clinton Lake DeWitt County, Illinois United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Flagstaff Lake Somerset County and Franklin County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Coeur d'Alene Northern Idaho United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac de Saint-Point Doubs department, Franche-Comté France Script error: No such module "sort".
Kyrksjön Bromma Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Newnan's Lake Gainesville, Florida United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Staples Pond Temple, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac Cornu Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Haute-Savoie France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac du Brévent Chamonix, Haute-Savoie France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Silvaplana / Silvaplanersee / Lej da Silvaplauna Engadin, Grisons Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Loch Awe Argyll and Bute, Scotland United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Långsjön Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Sarnen / Sarnersee Obwalden Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Lovozero Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast Russia Script error: No such module "sort".
Drevviken Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Mörtsjön Huddinge Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Judarn Bromma, Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Coniston Water Lake District, Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Ullswater Lake District, Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Khanka Lake Heilongjiang Province, China and Primorsky Krai, Russia China, Russia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Monona Dane County, Wisconsin United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Long Lake Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Mooselookmeguntic Lake Franklin County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Greifensee Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Nainital Lake Uttarakhand India Script error: No such module "sort".
Manasbal Lake Kashmir Valley India Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Zurich / Zürichsee Zürich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Tegernsee Bavaria Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Deer Creek Reservoir Utah United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Orlången Huddinge Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Haweswater Reservoir Lake District, Cumbria United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Loch Shiel Lochaber, Highland, Scotland United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Walen /Walensee / Lake Walenstadt St. Gallen, Glarus Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Keoka Lake Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Kootenay Lake British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Murten /Lac de Morat /Murtensee Canton of Fribourg, Vaud Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Oeschinen Lake Bernese Oberland Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac de Lessy Haute-Savoie France Script error: No such module "sort".
East Grand Lake Maine / New Brunswick Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Ikeda Kyūshū island Japan Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Poyang Jiujiang China Script error: No such module "sort".[3]
Faaker See Carinthia Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Ossiacher See / Lake Ossiach Carinthia Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Varese Lake/Lago di Varese Province of Varese, Lombardy Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Long Lost Lake Clearwater County, Minnesota United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Ältasjön Älta Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Thun / Thunersee Canton of Bern Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Green Lake Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Gömmaren Huddinge Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Loch Lomond Dunbartonshire, Central Scotland Scotland, United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Balaton Hungary Hungary Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Rotoroa Hamilton, Waikato, North Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Tūtira Hawke's Bay, North Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Türlersee Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Pfäffikersee Canton of Zurich Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Caniapiscau Reservoir Quebec Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Sils / Silsersee /Lej da Segl Engadin, Grisons Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Wilersee Canton of Zug Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Great Pond Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Moberly Lake British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Päijänne Jyväskylä Finland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Erie North America Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Rangeley Lake Franklin County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Brienz / Brienzersee Canton of Bern Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Ammersee / Lake Ammer Upper Bavaria Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Großer Plöner See Schleswig-Holstein Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Paudash Lake Haliburton County, Ontario Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Moosehead Lake Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Trekanten Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Great East Lake Carroll County, New Hampshire; York County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Champlain North America Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Flathead Lake Montana United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Lucerne /Vierwaldstättersee Central Switzerland Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac de Paladru Isère France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Hallwil / Hallwilersee Aargau Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Flaten Southern Stockholm Sweden Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Annecy / Lac d'Annecy Haute-Savoie France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Maggiore / Verbano / Lago Maggiore Lombardy and Piedmont, Italy; Canton Ticino, Switzerland Italy, Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Todos los Santos Lake Los Lagos Chile Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Baldegg / Baldeggersee Canton of Lucerne Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Iseo / Lago d'Iseo Lombardy Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Constance / Bodensee Germany, Switzerland, Austria Germany, Switzerland, Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Corey Lake Michigan United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Elk and Beaver Lakes Saanich, British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Como Lombardy Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Mendota Wisconsin United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Sea of Galilee Galilee Israel Script error: No such module "sort".
Walden Pond Massachusetts United States Script error: No such module "sort". [4]
Bannwaldsee Allgäu, Bavaria Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Sebago Lake Cumberland County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Kennisis Lake Haliburton Highlands, Ontario Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Bay Lake Crow Wing County, Minnesota United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Biwa / 琵琶湖 Shiga Prefecture Japan Script error: No such module "sort".
Jordan Pond Hancock County, Maine United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lago di Mergozzo Piedmont Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Ontario North America Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac la Nonne Alberta Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lago di Candia Province of Turin Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Ägerisee Canton of Zug Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Loch Morar Morar, Lochaber, Highland, Scotland United Kingdom Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Powell Utah/Arizona United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Millstätter See / Lake Millstatt Carinthia Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Moose Lake Alberta Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Schaalsee Schleswig-Holstein Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Iliamna Lake Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lac du Bourget Savoie, France France Script error: No such module "sort".
Odell Lake Klamath County, Oregon United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Lugano /Lago di Lugano Ticino, Lombardy Switzerland, Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Neuchâtel / Lac de Neuchâtel / Neuenburgersee Romandy Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Orta /Lago d’Orta /Cusio Piedmont Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Weissensee Carinthia Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Quesnel Lake British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Schweriner See Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Taupō Taupō District, Waikato region, North Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Wörthersee / Lake Wörth West of Klagenfurt Austria Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Chelan Washington United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Geneva Switzerland, France Switzerland, France Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Wakatipu Queenstown-Lakes District, Otago Region, South Island New Zealand Script error: No such module "sort".
Higgins Lake Michigan United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Crescent Lake Klamath County, Oregon United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Yellowstone Lake Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming United States 14 years
Lake Zug / Zugersee Central Switzerland Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Müritz Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Western Brook Pond Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Sempach / Sempachersee Canton of Lucerne Switzerland Script error: No such module "sort".
Skaneateles Lake New York United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Cayuga Lake New York United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Bear Lake Idaho, Utah United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Green Lake Green Lake County, Wisconsin United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Starnberg /Starnberger See Bavaria Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Huron North America Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Garda / Lago di Garda Northern Italy Italy Script error: No such module "sort".
Waldo Lake Cascade Mountains United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Crystal Lake Benzie County, Michigan United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Columbia Jackson County, Michigan United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Okanagan Lake British Columbia Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Ohrid Albania, North Macedonia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Michigan Michigan United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Arendsee Saxony-Anhalt Germany Script error: No such module "sort".
Gull Lake Alberta Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Yosemite California United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Great Bear Lake Northwest Territories Canada Script error: No such module "sort".
Crater Lake Oregon United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Superior North America Canada, United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Caspian Sea Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Baikal Southern Siberia Russia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Tahoe California, Nevada United States Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Titicaca Peru, Bolivia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Eucumbene Snowy Mountains, New South Wales Australia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lakes Qaban Kazan Russia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Tanganyika Burundi, DR Congo, Tanzania, Zambia Script error: No such module "sort".
Lake Vostok Antarctica Script error: No such module "sort".

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links