Lakas–CMD (1991)

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Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (Template:Translation),Template:Efn abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and popularly known as Lakas, was a political party in the Philippines. Its ideology and that of its successor is heavily influenced by Christian and Islamic democracy. The party's influence on Philippine society is very strong, especially after the People Power Revolution, which has led the country to elect two presidents from the party, namely Fidel V. Ramos, a United Methodist, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a Roman Catholic.

In May 2009, Lakas–CMD merged with Arroyo's Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino, thereby being known as Lakas Kampi CMD, a completely new entity. In May 2012, Lakas Kampi CMD renamed itself again as Lakas–CMD after the separation of KAMPI.

History

Formation

File:Ramos Pentagon.jpg
President Fidel V. Ramos, founder of Lakas–NUCD

In November 1991, former National Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos joined the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) in order to gain its support for his 1992 presidential bid. LDP was held to nominate the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates for 1992. After losing the presidential nomination to LDP co-founder and House Speaker Ramon Mitra, Ramos bolted the said party and organized the United People Power Movement (UPPM) with then Pangasinan Representative Jose de Venecia Jr., an LDP member. The new organization was officially named Partido Lakas ng Tao (or Lakas ng EDSA) and formally launched on January 3, 1992, at the Club Filipino in Greenhills, San Juan. The name origin of the party is to campaign that Ramos is a hero of the 1986 EDSA People Power, and being an anti to the trapo (traditional politician).[1]

Upon de Venecia's initiative, Ramos merged Lakas ng Tao with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD), a cluster of the defunct Progressive Party led by former Senator Raul Manglapus, to form Lakas–National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas–NUCD). Some of LDP members were raided by Ramos and De Venecia to join their newly-formed party, which Laban co-founder Peping Cojuangco criticized.

1992 elections: Ed sa '92

Ramos invited Cebu Governor Lito Osmeña to serve as his running-mate. Ramos won the presidential election, defeating former Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party (PRP), Mitra and four other presidential candidates. On the other hand, Osmeña lost the vice presidential race to Senator Joseph Estrada of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC). Osmeña later appointed as Ramos' economic adviser.

But since he got a low plurality in the election, de Venecia created the Rainbow Coalition and converged Lakas, Mitra's LDP, Cojuangco's NPC and other national parties.

1995 election: Lakas–Laban

File:NUCD–UDMP logo.png
NUCD–UMDP logo

In 1995, Lakas–NUCD formed an alliance with LDP, then known as Laban for the 1995 legislative elections. This coalition, called the Lakas–Laban Coalition, won a majority in both houses of Congress. The coalition later folded after disputes with Laban led by its Senate Leader Edgardo Angara, who also served as Senate President.

1998 election: Victory '98

In 1997, Lakas–NUCD was joined by the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of former Ambassador Sanchez Ali, thereby changing the party's name to Lakas–National Union of Christian Democrats–United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP). In November that year, Lakas held a national convention to select its nominees for the 1998 national elections. The long list of contenders for the presidential nomination had been abridged into a close fight between Ramos' two leading political lieutenants, House Speaker de Venecia and former Defense Secretary Renato de Villa, with Bulacan Governor Roberto Pagdanganan also contested in the nomination process. After rounds of secret balloting, de Venecia won the nomination and was officially proclaimed as the Lakas presidential nominee for the 1998 election.

After losing the nomination, de Villa bolted Lakas and formed the Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma with Pangasinan Governor Oscar Orbos as his running mate for vice president. Lito Osmeña, who also lost the presidential nomination, launched his presidential bid under the Probinsya Muna Development Initiative (PROMDI) with Ismael Sueno as his running mate,

File:Lakas logo in 1992.png
Lakas logo in 1992 when Fidel Ramos is campaigning

Meanwhile, Lakas nominated then Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as its candidate for vice president. Arroyo had originally intended to run for president under her party, Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino (KAMPI). Pagdanganan joined the Lakas senatorial slate.

De Venecia lost the presidential election to Vice President Joseph Estrada of Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino by a significant plurality. Arroyo won the vice presidency in the same manner as Estrada, defeating Estrada's running mate, Senator Edgardo Angara. Arroyo emerged victorious in the vice presidential race while KAMPI was in hiatus.

2004: Arroyo administration

Renaming

In early 2004, the party's name was changed into the current Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas–CMD). However, the meaning of Lakas in the party name was now referred to as "Lakas ng EDSA" ("The Strength of EDSA") from the original "Lakas ng Tao" ("People Power"). This was also the name that the party used when it participated in the 2004 Philippine general election as the leading member of the K4 Coalition.

Presidential nomination

File:Lakas–NUCD.png
Lakas–NUCD logo used in 1990s until 2004

By 2003, Arroyo stated that she will not run for a full term. Because of her statements, Senators Jun Magsaysay, Dr. Juan Flavier, and Loren Legarda declared their intention to get the Lakas presidential nomination. But only Magsaysay and Flavier are those party members who is contenders are willing to give way if Arroyo retracted her statement and run for presidential elections.[2] Flavier also said that if Legarda campaign for presidential nomination, he will withdraw.[3] Legarda that time finds her potential running mate with the likes of Raul Roco, and President Arroyo.[4]

Legarda and Vice President Tito Guingona later leave Lakas to join the opposition, with Legarda as the vice presidential candidate.[5]

Gloria Arroyo's campaign and Gloriagate

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". President Arroyo was the K4 candidate for president in the 2004 Philippine presidential election, eventually winning over actor Fernando Poe Jr. and Senator Panfilo Lacson.

After Arroyo's victory, she received electoral protest from Poe and his camp. In the protest, his running-mate, Senator Noli de Castro also included which filed by former Senator Loren Legarda. The poll protests were later thrown out by the Supreme Court acting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET). Later, the controversy arose with Arroyo's controversial call to Garci in 2004.

Template:Christian Democracy sidebar

At the onset of 2006, Lakas was torn by factional rivalry between supporters of President Arroyo and supporters of former President Fidel V. Ramos. Issues include transitory provisions in a proposed Constitution to scrap the 2007 midterm elections ("no-el") and calls for her to step down in time for the elections. The party held its Annual Party Directorate Meeting in January 2006 to discuss these matters.

There are no official results available of the 2007 elections released by Lakas–CMD but according to the House of Representatives, the party held 79 out of 235 seats.

Future senatorial lineup

On January 16, 2008, Lakas–CMD spokesman and legal counsel Raul Lambino stated that Lakas officially released the list of senatorial bets for 2010. Except for Parañaque Representative Eduardo Zialcita, they were not yet identified. However, Lambino named incumbent Senators Bong Revilla and Lito Lapid, former senator Ralph Recto and former Congressman Prospero Pichay as among those considered.[6]

De Venecia's resignation

Jose de Venecia resigned his post as president of Lakas on March 10, 2008, and rejected the proposition of Ramos to give him the title of chairman emeritus. House Speaker Prospero Nograles and former House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr. were sworn as party president and vice president for Metro Manila affairs on the same day, respectively.

Merger with KAMPI

On June 18, 2008, President Gloria Arroyo confirmed the historical merger of the Lakas–CMD and the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI) parties. Both parties adopted the "equity of the incumbent" principle, as the merger will account for almost 200 national and 8,000 local officials, amid Arroyo's prediction of victory in the 2010 elections. Nograles and KAMPI Chairman Ronaldo Puno signed the covenant at the regional caucus held in Davao City.[7][8] Ramos, the party chairman-emeritus, announced on February 6, 2008, that Lakas–CMD would be the surviving entity after its merger with KAMPI.[9]

On August 9, 2009, de Venecia and Ramos led fifty members from the Lakas–Kampi–CMD in objecting to its merger with KAMPI. The faction elected de Venecia as president and Ramos as chairman emeritus. However, Ramos later refused the offer of being named in the interim party organization. De Venecia has filed a resolution at the Commission on Elections to declare the merger null and void.[10] However, the Supreme Court ultimately upheld the legality of the merger,[11] citing the failure of de Venecia "to sufficiently show that any grave abuse of discretion was committed by the Commission on Elections in rendering the challenged resolution."[12]

Ideology

Lakas has always focused on economic growth and development, stronger ties with the United States, creation of jobs, and strong cooperation between the executive and legislative branches of government. It is known for its advocacy of a shift from the present presidential system to a parliamentary form of government through constitutional amendments and through establishing peace talks with Muslim separatists and communist rebels. The party democracy is distinct in its ecumenical inclusion of Muslim leaders in its political alliance.[13]

Branding

With being associated with Corazon Aquino's presidency, party founder and Defense Secretary[14] Fidel Ramos used yellow as Lakas' party color and campaign color in 1992,[15] especially when Ramos and his running-mate was endorsed by Aquino[16] (who used yellow in her 1986 campaign).[15][17] Ramos also emphasized the party's name Lakas (English translation to People Power), that he is a hero of the 1986 revolution.[1]

But when Gloria Mapacagal Arroyo assumed presidency, the color of Lakas is associated with her campaign color blue.[18]

Electoral performance

Presidential election

Year Presidential Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1992 Fidel V. Ramos 5,342,521 23.58 Template:Won align="left" style="background:Template:Party color|Fidel V. Ramos won
1998 Jose de Venecia Jr. 4,268,483 15.87 Template:Lost Joseph Estrada (LAMMP)
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 12,905,808 39.99 Template:Won align="left" style="background:Template:Party color|Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won

Vice Presidential election

Year Vice Presidential Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1992 Lito Osmeña 3,362,467 16.47 Template:Lost Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 12,667,252 49.56 Template:Won style="background:Template:Party color" |Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won
2004 None;Template:Efn 15,100,431 49.80 Template:Won Noli de Castro (Independent) won

Legislative elections

Senate Election Seats won +/– Result President House Seats +/– Result House Election
1992 Template:Composition bar N/A Template:Won rowspan="2" style="background:Template:Party color" |Fidel Ramos Template:Composition bar N/A Template:Won 1992Template:Efn
1995Template:Efn Template:Composition bar Increase 3 Template:Won Template:Composition bar Decrease 59 Template:Won 1995Template:Efn
1998 Template:Composition bar Increase 4 Template:Won style="background:Template:Party color"|Joseph Estrada Template:Composition bar Increase 11 Template:Lost 1998Template:Efn
2001 Template:Composition bar Decrease 2 Template:Won rowspan="3" style="background:Template:Party color|Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Template:Composition bar Decrease 10 Template:Won 2001
2004 Template:Composition bar Decrease 3 Template:Won Template:Composition bar Increase 19 Template:Won 2004
2007 Template:Composition bar Steady Template:Won Template:Composition bar Decrease 3 Template:Won 2007

Candidates for Philippine general elections

1998

For senator

Lakas put up a full senatorial slate during the May 11, 1998, national elections, as it propels the machinery of its candidates House Speaker Jose de Venecia and Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to the presidency and vice presidency respectively against the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (Struggle of Patriotic Filipino Masses) coalition of the opposition led by Vice President Joseph Estrada and Senator Edgardo Angara.

Name Occupation
Lisandro Abadia former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Rolando Andaya Sr. Representative from Camarines Sur
Robert Z. Barbers former Secretary of the Interior and Local Government and retired police officer
Renato L. Cayetano Lawyer, former Presidential Legal Adviser, TV and radio personality
Roberto de Ocampo former Secretary of Finance
Ricardo Gloria former Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports
Teofisto "Tito" Guingona Jr. former Secretary of Justice
Lorna Regina B. Legarda Journalist, TV personality
Roberto "Obet" Pagdanganan Governor of Bulacan and 1998 Lakas presidential candidate (nomination lost to Jose de Venecia Jr.)
Hernando B. Perez Representative from Batangas
Santanina T. Rasul former senator
Ramon B. Revilla Sr. Senator and former actor

Lakas-NUCD-UMDP gained 5 out of 12 possible seats in the Senate namely: (in order of votes received)

Coalitions

Lakas–CMD had coalesced with other parties in the past elections, enabling it to strengthen its political power both in the national and local levels:

Notable members

Presidents

  • Fidel V. Ramos (12th President of the Philippines; party chairman-emeritus and former party chairman; co-founder)
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (14th President of the Philippines; party chairperson)

Legislators

Party leadership

President

President Term Start Term End
File:Senator Raul Manglapus 1965.jpg Raul Manglapus 1991 1998[19]
File:Teofisto Guingona Jr. 20171013.jpg Tito Guingona 1998 October 8, 2003[20]
File:Jose de Venecia junior 2007.jpg Jose De Venecia October 8, 2003[20] 2008

Chairperson

Chairperson Term Start Term End
File:Jose de Venecia junior 2007.jpg Jose De Venecia 1991 May 2002[21]
File:President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo APEC 2001.jpg Gloria Macapagal Arroyo May 2002[22] 2008

Notes

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See also

References

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Template:Philippine political parties Template:Philippines topics

tl:Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ Inquirer.net, Lakas lists down 30 senatorial bets for 2010--spokesman Template:Webarchive
  7. ↑ manilastandardtoday.com, Lakas, Kampi merge; see victory in 2010 polls
  8. ↑ GMA NEWS.TV, Lakas-CMD, Kampi merge
  9. ↑ Inquirer.net, Ramos: De Venecia to remain president in Lakas-Kampi merger Template:Webarchive
  10. ↑ Lakas-Kampi-CMD merger in peril Template:Webarchive
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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