Kwinti people

Template:Short description The Kwinti are a Maroon people, descendants of runaway African slaves, living in the forested interior of Suriname on the bank of the Coppename River, and the eponymous term for their language, which has fewer than 300 speakers.Template:Sfn Their language is an English-based creole with Dutch, Portuguese and other influences. It is similar to the languages spoken by the Aluku and Paramaccan Maroons,Template:Sfn and split from Sranan Tongo in the middle 18th century.Template:Sfn The Kwinti had a population of about 300 in 2014 and adhere to the Moravian Church.

History

There are two possible origins of the Kwinti people. One oral account mentions the Berbice slave uprising of 1763 in Guyana, the other mentions a plantation in the Para District.Template:Sfn The tribe was initially led by Boku who died in 1765.Template:Sfn Boku was succeeded by Kofi, who is claimed to be a brother of Boni.Template:Sfn The tribe was known from the early 18th century, and there had been several raids on plantations conducted by the Kwinti.Template:Sfn

On 19 September 1762, the Dutch signed a peace treaty with the Saramaka. In 1769, the Matawai split from the Saramaka, and asked the Government for weapons against the Kwinti who had raided the Onoribo plantation in November 1766.Template:Sfn During the late 18th century the tribe was attacked many times by either the Matawai or the colonists.Template:Sfn In the 1850s,Template:Sfn the Kwinti had made a peace treaty with the Matawai granman, and settled among the Matawai in Boven Saramacca.Template:Sfn There are currently two villages which are inhabited by both tribes.Template:Sfn Another part of the tribe, settled on the Coppename River where they founded Coppencrisie (Coppename Christians). Later the village was abandoned, and the villages of Bitagron and Kaaimanston were established.Template:Sfn

During the 19th century the tribe is hardly ever mentioned until a peace treaty with the Surinamese Government is signed in 1887.Template:Sfn The treaty appointed Alamun as a head captain and not as a granman. The treaty gives him control over the Kwinti living along the Coppename River, the Kwinti living on Saramacca River remained under the authority of the Matawai.Template:Sfn In 1894, the area of control was delimited around Bitagron and Kaaimanston,Template:Sfn because of nearby wood and balatá concessions. Also a posthouder (post holder) was installed to represent the government.Template:Sfn Until the early 20th century, there used to be a trail connecting both sides, but it had fallen into disuse and was reclaimed by the jungle.Template:Sfn

In 1970, when the Dutch government organised a well published tour with the five Surinamese Maroon nations to Ghana and other African countries, the Kwinti were not invited.Template:Sfn In 1978, Matheus Cornells Marcus was appointed as head captain in Bitagron.Template:Sfn In 1987, during the Surinamese Interior War, Bitagron was partially destroyed during the fighting with the Jungle Commando. Later the other villages were isolated from the outside world by the Tucayana Amazonas.Template:Sfn The other villages were in Matawai territory, and under the control of Lavanti Agubaka who was allied with the Tucayana Amazonas. On 30 September 1989, the Kwinti announced that they no longer recognized Lavanti, and demanded a granman for their nation.Template:Sfn In 2002, André Mathias was the first tribal chief to rule as granman over all villages except for those where the Kwinti were in a minority; he died in 2018. Remon Clemens was named as granman in 2020.

Religion

The traditional religion of the Maroons is Winti. In the shared area with the Matawai, the Moravian Church had been highly successful after Johannes King, a Matawai, became their first Maroon missionary. The Moravian Church operated a mission in Kaaimanston,Template:Sfn and in the 1920s, the Catholic Church started missionary activities in the Coppename area.Template:Sfn

Villages

• BitagronTemplate:Sfn
• Heidoti
• KaaimanstonTemplate:Sfn

The Kwinti are in a minority in the following villages:Template:Sfn

• Pakka-Pakka
• Makajapingo

Bibliography

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