Kutubuan languages
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The Kutubuan languages are a small family of neighboring languages families in Papua New Guinea. They are named after Lake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.
Languages
There has been some debate over whether they are closer to each other than to other languages, but Usher includes them both in the Kikorian branch of the tentative Papuan Gulf stock. Within the two branches, the lexicostatistical figures are 60–70%. Between the two branches, they are 10–20%.
Lexical reconstruction
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
gloss Proto-Lake Kutubu head *uni hair/feather(s) *iti eye/sixteen *hʲĩ nose *sabe tooth *mete tongue *atu foot/leg *kotage bone *kigi skin/bark *ga[o/u] breast *hʲokõ dog *g[e/ẽ/a]s[a/ã] pig/game *mena bird *hʲaka egg *kapa tree *ita moon *he̝ge̝ water *hẽ fire *ita stone *kana path *ig[i]a eat/drink *ne- one *hʲaga
Modern reflexes
Proposed Kutubu reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘carry on back’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘die’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘eat’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘leg’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘neck’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘tree’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘wind’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘bird’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘mother’s sister’ < *Script error: No such module "lang". ‘older same sex sibling’
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘die’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘eat’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘stand’ < Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘mother’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘father’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘heart, stomach’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘hair’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘leg’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘shoulder’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘skin’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘hand’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘urine’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘make the law’ < *Script error: No such module "lang". ‘instructions’
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘long’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘husband’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘mother’s sister’ < *Script error: No such module "lang". ‘older same sex sibling’
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘tree’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘sand’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
- Script error: No such module "lang". ‘wind’ < *Script error: No such module "lang".
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1975), Franklin & Voorhoeve (1973), McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[3]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. auřu, airu, alu for “tongue”) or not (e.g. weḷia, kakusa, yapi for “blood”).
gloss Foi Fasu
(Namumi dial.)Fasu head a̧řuhai unahaie wamo hair u̧sæ̧ unahai iti iti; uni iti ear yo ḳʰiyʌ sinaeki; sinæki senaki eye i̧y hi̧; hĩ hi; hi̧; hĩ nose s̭abɛi sapasuma sape tooth ṱi akai mere tongue auřu airu alu; aru leg ṱamʌ kofai; kɔfai korake louse ṱʌbʌľi yapani dog ḳɛsʌ kasa kasa pig girɔ saro bird yaʔ minai mena egg hʌ̧ⁱ hai mena hai blood weḷia kakusa yapi bone kʰikʰi kiki kiki skin ḳaḳo kau kau breast o̧ḳo̧ hotu; hɔtu hoko tree iʔʌ ira ira man amɛnʌ abano; abanɔ aporo woman ḳa̧· hinamu hinamo sun iřiyapo iya; maiya; maya maiya; maĩya moon hɛḳɛ hɩki heke water ipu hi̧; hĩ hẽ; hȩ; hę fire iřʌ irə kipu; irʌkupi dufi; ira lufi stone kʰa̧nʌ ɩki eke name yaᵽo iyanu yano eat niyæi nesi anene; na one mɛna̧ḳɛ hakasa; nakasa meno two ha̧ḳɛ tita teta
References
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- ↑ Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lake Kutubu
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lake Kutubu
Template:Kutubuan languages Template:Trans–New Guinea languages Template:Papuan languages