Khanate of Kokand

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:History of Uzbekistan The Khanate of KokandTemplate:Efn was an Uzbek polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. It was ruled by the Ming tribe of Uzbeks. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.

History

The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the emir of the Ming tribe of Uzbeks, Shahrukh declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel as his capital in the small town of Kokand, thus starting the Khanate of Kokand. His son, Abdul Kahrim Bey, and grandson, Narbuta Bey, enlarged the citadel, but both were forced to submit as a protectorate, and pay tribute to, the Qing dynasty between 1774 and 1798.

Narbuta Bey’s son Alim was both ruthless and efficient. He hired a mercenary army of Ghalcha highlanders, and conquered the western half of the Fergana Valley, including Khujand and Tashkent. He was assassinated by his brother Umar in 1811. Umar's son, Mohammed Ali (Madali Khan), ascended to the throne in 1822 at the age of 12. During his reign, the Khanate of Kokand reached its greatest territorial extent. The Kokand Khanate also housed the Khojas of Kashgar like Jahangir Khoja. In 1841, the British officer Captain Arthur Conolly failed to persuade the various khanates to put aside their differences, in an attempt to counter the growing penetration of the Russian Empire into the area. In November 1841, Captain Conolly left Kokand for Bukhara in an ill-fated attempt to rescue fellow officer Colonel Charles Stoddart, and both were executed on 24 June 1842 by the order of Emir Nasrullah Khan of Bukhara.

Following this, Madali Khan, who had received Conolly in Kokand, and who had also sought an alliance with Russia, lost the trust of Nasrullah. The Emir, encouraged by the conspiratorial efforts of several influential figures in Kokand (including the commander in chief of its army), invaded the Khanate in 1842. Shortly thereafter he executed Madali Khan, his brother, and Omar Khan's widow, the famed poet Nodira. Madali Khan's cousin, Shir Ali, was installed as the Khan of Kokand in June 1842. Over the next two decades, the khanate was weakened by a bitter civil war, which was further exacerbated by Bukharan and Russian incursions. During this period, the Kyrgyz tribes also broke away, forming the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate under the leadership of Ormon Khan. Shir Ali's son, Khudayar Khan, ruled from 1844 to 1858, from 1862 to 1863, and from 1865 to 1875. In the meantime, Russia was continuing its advance; on 29 June 1865 Tashkent was taken by the Russian troops of General Chernyayev; the loss of Khujand followed in 1867.

Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s best-known son, Yakub Beg, former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then Khan of Kokand, Alimqul, to Kashgar, where the Hui Muslims were in revolt against the Chinese. When Alimqul was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar) throughout the Tarim Basin, which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region.

The now powerless Khudayar Khan spent his energies improving his lavish palace. Western visitors were impressed by the city of 80,000 people, which contained some 600 mosques and 15 madrasahs. Insurrections against Russian rule and Khudayar’s oppressive taxes forced him into exile in 1875. He was succeeded by his son, Nasruddin Khan, whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand by generals Konstantin von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev. The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Oblast of Russian Turkestan.

Society

In the 1830s, more than 5 million people lived in the Khanate of Kokand. Roughly 3 million of them were sedentary residents with Turkic and Iranian roots, while the remaining population of 2.0–2.5 million were nomadic tribes, spread across 400,000 households, consisting of various Turko-Mongolian groups such as Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Kalmyks, and Farghani Kipchaks.Template:Sfn

List of the khans of Kokand

File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Muslim couple from Kokand (霍罕回人).jpg

Muslim couple from Kokand (霍罕回人). Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769

File:Portrait of Khudayar Khan.jpg

Seyid Muhammad Khudayar Khan, the 1860s

Reign	Ruler
1709–1722	Shahrukh Bey
1722–1734	Abdul Rahim Bey
1734–1751	Abdul Karim Bey
1751–1752	Irdana Bey (1st Reign)
1752–1753	Bobobek
1753–1769	Irdana Bey (2nd Reign)
1769–1770	Suleiman Bey
1770–1799	Narbuta Bey
1799–1811	Alim Khan
1811–1822	Muhammad Umar Khan
1822–1842	Muhammad Ali Khan
1842–1844	Shir Ali Khan
1844	Murad Beg Khan
1844–1852	Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1st Reign)
	Mingbashi Musulmonqul (Regent for Khudayar Khan)
1852–1858	Muhammad Khudayar Khan (2nd Reign)
1858–1862	Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan
1862	Shah Murad Khan
1862–1863	Muhammad Khudayar Khan (3rd Reign)
1863–1865	Muhammad Sultan Khan
	Alimqul (Regent for Sultan Khan)
1865	Bil Bahchi Khan
1865–1875	Muhammad Khudayar Khan (4th Reign)
1875	Nasruddin Khan (1st Reign)
1875	Muhammad Pulad Beg Khan
1876	Nasruddin Khan (2nd Reign)

Sources:

See also

• List of Sunni dynasties
• Emirate of Bukhara
• Khanate of Khiva
• Russian Turkestan
• Turkestan Autonomy (Kokand Autonomy)

References

Sources

• Beisembiev, T. K. Kokandskaia istoriografiia : Issledovanie po istochnikovedeniiu Srednei Azii XVIII-XIX vekov. Almaty, TOO "PrintS", 2009.Template:ISBN.
• Beisembiev, T. K. "Annotated indices to the Kokand Chronicles". Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Studia Culturae Islamica. № 91, 2008.Template:ISBN.
• Beisembiev, T. K. "The Life of Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia". Published 2003. Routledge Template:ISBN.
• Beisembiev, T. K. "Ta'rikh-i SHakhrukhi" kak istoricheskii istochnik. Alma Ata: Nauka, 1987.
• Beisembiev, T. K. "Legenda o proiskhozhdenii kokandskikh khanov kak istochnik po istorii ideologii v Srednei Azii (na materialakh sochinenii kokandskoi istoriografii)". Kazakhstan, Srednjaja i Tsentralnaia Azia v XVI-XVIII vv. Alma-ata, 1983.
• Dubavitski, Victor and Bababekov, Khaydarbek, in S. Frederick Starr, ed., Ferghana Valley: The Heart of Central Asia.
• Erkinov, Aftandil S. "Imitation of Timurids and Pseudo-Legitimation: On the origins of a manuscript anthology of poems dedicated to the Kokand ruler Muhammad Ali Khan (1822–1842)", GSAA Online Working Paper No. 5.
• Erkinov, Aftandil S. "Les timourides, modeles de legitimite et les recueils poetiques de Kokand". Ecrit et culture en Asie centrale et dans le monde Turko-iranien, XIVe-XIXe siècles // Writing and Culture in Central Asia and in the Turko-Iranian World, 14th–19th Centuries. F.Richard, M.Szuppe (eds.), [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 40]. Paris: AAEI, 2009.
• Golden, Peter B. (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press.
• Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle. History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 795–801,816-845. https://archive.org/details/p2historyofmongo02howouoft/page/784/mode/2up
• "The Muslim World"; Part III, "The Last Great Muslim Empires": Translation and Adaptations by F.R.C. Bagley. (Originally published 1969). Brill Academic Publishers, Template:ISBN.
• Nalivkine, V. P. Histoire du Khanat de Khokand. Trad. A.Dozon. Paris, 1889.
• Nalivkine, V. P. "Kratkaia istoria kokandskogo khanstva". Istoria Srednei Azii. A.I.Buldakov, S.A.Shumov, A.R.Andreev (eds.). Moskva, 2003.
• OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Tashkent, 2000.
• Roy, Olivier. (2007). "The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations". I.B.Tauris.
• Vakhidov, Sh.Kh. XIX-ХХ asr bāshlarida Qoqān khānligida tarikhnavislikning rivājlanishi. arikh fanlari doktori dissertatsiyasi. Tāshkent, 1998.

External links

• Uzbek tourist site
• unesco site