Emirate of Bukhara

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox former countryThe Emirate of Bukhara (Template:Langx,[1] Template:Langx) was a sunni muslim polity of Uzbeks in Central Asia[2][3] that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. The Turco-Mongolian tribe of Uzbeks known as "Mangits" were the rulers.[4]

History

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.[5]

As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the Timurids), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th–19th centuries, Khwarazm (Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty of Kungrats.[6]

Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.[7]

Fitzroy Maclean recounts in Eastern Approaches how Charles Stoddart and Arthur Conolly were executed by Nasrullah Khan in the context of The Great Game, and how Joseph Wolff, known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."[8]

In 1868, the emirate lost a war with Imperial Russia, which had aspirations of conquest in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of Samarkand.[9] In 1873, the remainder became a Russian protectorate,[10] and was soon surrounded by the Governorate-General of Turkestan. The Russians forced the abolition of the Bukhara slave trade in 1873, though slavery itself was not formally abolished until 1885.[11]

Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, Mohammed Alim Khan, unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian Bolshevik revolutionaries for military assistance. The Red Army launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.[12] The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the Bolsheviks and replaced with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with parts in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the Chahar Wilayat (Maimana, Sheberghan, Andkhui, Sar-i Pol) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.[13]

Government

Administrative and territorial structure

During the reign of Amir Nasrullah, when the territory of the emirate was most expanded, Bukhara consisted of 30 regions (begliks). These were Karshi, Guzar, Chirakchi, Kitab, Shahrisabz, Yakkabog, Baysun, Denov, Sherabad, Hisar, Korategin, Darvoz, Baljuvan, Shugnon, Rushan, Kulob, Kurgantepa, Qobadiyon, Kalif, Karki, Burdalik, Kalakli, Narazm, Charjoi, Karmana, Ziyovuddin, Nurota, Khatirchi, Urgut and Samarkand regions. In addition to them, Jizzakh, Oratepa, Tashkent, Turkestan and other neighboring regions were also temporarily included in the emirate during this period.[14]

By 1916 they were: Template:Administrative map of the Bukhara Emirate (1916)

  1. Baljuvon (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
  2. Hisar (now Tajikistan)
  3. Burdalik (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  4. Guzar (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  5. Charjuy (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  6. Darvaz (c 1878, now Darvoz district, Tajikistan)
  7. Dehnav (now Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  8. Kabakli (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  9. Karakul (now Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan)
  10. Karategin (now Rasht district, Tajikistan)
  11. Karshi (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  12. Kattakurgan (now Samarkand region, Uzbekistan)
  13. Kulyab (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
  14. Karshi (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
  15. Kerki (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
  16. Nurata (now Navoiy Region, Uzbekistan)
  17. Panjikent (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)
  18. Rushan (now Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region, Tajikistan)
  19. Samarkand (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan – part of Russia since 1868
  20. Shahrisabz (c 1870, now Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan)
  21. Urgut (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan)
  22. Falgar (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)

Military

Template:Empty section

Foreign relations

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Society

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Economy

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the majority of the Emirate's exports consisted primarily of cotton, wool, silk and related products, wool and oils. Bukhara was also considered the center of the Central Asian astrakhan trade, obtained from the skin of karakul sheep. These skins were brought from around the breeding regions in neighbouring Karakul, Chorjou, Karki, Karshi, Khorezm and Afghanistan.[15]

Trade for the most part largely interacted with western nations, predominantly the Russian Empire, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany (and its predecessor states) and in later years, the United States of America.

Culture

Template:Refimprove section In the era of the Manghyt emirs in Bukhara, a large construction of madrasahs, mosques and palaces was carried out. Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, including Persian, Uzbek, and Jewish influences.

A local school of historians developed in the Bukhara emirate. The most famous historians were Mirza Shams Bukhari, Muhammad Yakub ibn Daniyalbiy, Muhammad Mir Olim Bukhari, Ahmad Donish, Mirza Abdalazim Sami, Mirza Salimbek.[16]

The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian architecture and literature, traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet Kiromi Bukhoroi, the calligrapher Mirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhari and the scholar Rahmat-Allah Bukhari. Throughout this period, the madrasahs of the region were renowned.

List of emirs

Titular Name Personal Name Reign
Ataliq
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Khudayar Bey
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		?
Ataliq
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muhammad Hakim
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		?–1747
Ataliq
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muhammad Rahim
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1747–1753
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muhammad Rahim
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1753–1756
Khan
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muhammad Rahim
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1756–1758
Ataliq
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Daniyal Biy
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1758–1785
Amir Masum
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Shahmurad
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1785–1799
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Haydar bin Shahmurad
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1799–1826
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Mir Hussein bin Haydar
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1826–1827
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Umar bin Haydar
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1827
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1827–1860
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muzaffar bin Nasrullah
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1860–1885
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1885–1911
Amir
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad
Template:NastaliqScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		1911–1920
Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
  • Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.
  • Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the Janids and placed puppet Khans.
  • A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911–1920, is shown at Emir.

See also

Template:History of TajikistanTemplate:History of Uzbekistan

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

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Literature

  • Malikov A., "The Russian conquest of the Bukharan Emirate: military and diplomatic aspects", Central Asian Survey, Volume 33, issue 2, 2014, pp. 180–198.

External links

Template:Divisions of the Russian Empire

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Soucek, Svat. A History of Inner Asia (2000), p. 180.
  6. ↑ Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392–411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009
  7. ↑ Template:Harvp
  8. ↑ Eastern Approaches ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"
  9. ↑ Template:Harvp
  10. ↑ Russo-Bukharan War 1868, Armed Conflict Events Database, OnWar.com
  11. ↑ Becker, S. (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis., p. 67-68
  12. ↑ Template:Harvp
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Anke fon Kyugel'gen, Legitimizatsiya sredneaziatskoy dinastii mangitov v proizvedeniyakh ikh istorikov (XVIII-XIX vv.). Almaty: Dayk press, 2004
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