Khalkha Mongolian

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". The Khalkha dialectTemplate:Efn is a dialect of central Mongolian widely spoken in Mongolia. According to some classifications, the Khalkha dialect includes Inner Mongolian varieties such as Shiliin gol, Ulaanchab and Sönid.[2] As it was the basis for the Cyrillic orthography of Mongolian,[3] it is de facto the national language of Mongolia.[4] The name of the dialect is related to the name of the Khalkha Mongols and the Khalkha River.

There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example, the normative language uses proximal demonstratives based on the word stem Script error: No such module "IPA". (except for the nominative Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". and the accusative which takes the stem Script error: No such module "IPA".)[5] and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by Oirat.[6] On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of paradigms that are based on the stems Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7] This seems to agree with the use in Chakhar Mongolian.[8] The same holds for the distal demonstrative Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9]

Khalkha may roughly be divided into Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid, etc. Both varieties share affricate depalatalization, namely, Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA". except before *i, while Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and Ordos Mongolian in that it exhibits a dissimilating deaspiration; e.g. Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "IPA"..[10] However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that the border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of Inner Mongolia of China.[11]

Especially in the speech of younger speakers, Script error: No such module "IPA". (or Script error: No such module "IPA".) > Script error: No such module "IPA". may take place, as in written Mongolian qabtasu > Sünid Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'cover (of a book)'.[12]

One of the classifications of Khalkha dialect in Mongolia divides it into 3 subdialects: Central, Western and Eastern. The orthography of the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet is essentially based on the Central Khalkha dialect. Among the main differences is the pronunciation of initial letter х in feminine words which is in Central Khalkha pronounced as it is written, in Western Khalkha as h, and in Eastern Khalkha as g; e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". khötöl (Central Khalkha), Script error: No such module "Lang". kötöl (Western Khalkha), Script error: No such module "Lang". götöl (Eastern Khalkha). The initial letter х is pronounced in masculine words in Western Khalkha as Script error: No such module "IPA". (almost not heard) if the following consonant is voiceless, and is pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". (and devoiced to Script error: No such module "IPA".) in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". khutga Script error: No such module "IPA". (Central Khalkha), Script error: No such module "Lang". khutaga Script error: No such module "IPA". (Western Khalkha), Script error: No such module "Lang". gutaga Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Khalkha). Initial /tʰ/ is unaspirated in Eastern Khalkha; e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". talkh Script error: No such module "IPA". (Central Khalkha), Script error: No such module "Lang". talq Script error: No such module "IPA". (Western Khalkha), Script error: No such module "IPA". dalkh Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Khalkha).

Grouping of Khalkha dialects

In Juha Janhunen's book Mongolian, he groups the Khalkha dialects into the following 19:[13]

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Template:E28
  2. ↑ Svantesson et al. 2005: 143. Janhunen 2003: 179-180 mentions that such an approach might be possible. Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 207 without further discussion include at least Shiliin gol and Ulaanchab into the Chakhar dialect.
  3. ↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 372, see also Svantesson et al. (2005): 36
  4. ↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 372, cp. Mongolian State (2003): Törijn alban josny helnij tuhaj huul’ Template:Webarchive, Retrieved 2009-03-27
  5. ↑ cp. Street (1957): 88, IPA in accordance with Svantesson et al. (2005): 2,6-7, 91, but it follows Ölǰeyibürin (2001) in writing Script error: No such module "IPA". instead of Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  6. ↑ Birtalan (2003): 220, Bläsing (2003): 239
  7. ↑ Poppe (1951): 72
  8. ↑ See Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 237. (While this reference is a bit fuzzy as it includes parts of Southern Khalkh into Chakhar, it does not mention stems like Script error: No such module "IPA"..)
  9. ↑ See the same sources as for Script error: No such module "IPA".
  10. ↑ Svantesson et al. (2005): 143, 206
  11. ↑ e.g. Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): 207, 372-373, probably also Amaržargal (1988): 22-25
  12. ↑ Ölǰeyibürin (2001): 17-18. He assumes voicing to be distinctive, while the above transcription follows Svantesson et al. (2005) in assuming only aspiration as distinctive.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

  • Amaržargal, B. (1988): BNMAU dah’ mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol’ bichig: halh ajalguu. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
  • Birtalan, Ágnes (2003): Oirat. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 210-228.
  • Bläsing, Uwe (2003): Kalmuck. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 229-247.
  • Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge.
  • Janhunen, Juha (2003a): Mongol dialects. In: Janhunen 2003: 177-191.
  • Ölǰeyibürin (2001): Sünid aman ayalγun-u geyigülügči abiyalaburi-yin sistem. In: Mongγol Kele Utq-a ǰokiyal 2001/1: 16-23.
  • Poppe, Nicholas (1951): Khalkha-mongolische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
  • Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe (2005): Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
  • Street, John (1957): The language of the Secret history of the Mongols. American Oriental series 42.
  • Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.

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