Xamtanga language
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Xamtanga (also Agawinya, Khamtanga, Simt'anga, Xamir, Xamta) is a Central Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia by the Xamir people.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid vowel | Template:IPA link | ||
| Low vowel | Template:IPA link | ||
The central vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". have fronted and backed allophones, depending on the adjacent consonant(s).
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | labializedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | labializedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| ejectiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link* | ||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
| ejectiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
| Lateral | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
| Tap | Template:IPA link | ||||||||
| Semivowel | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||||
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is found only word-initial in loanwords, and may be glottal Template:IPAblink or pharyngeal Template:IPAblink.
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is alveolar before the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., dental otherwise.
- Script error: No such module "IPA". can be ejective Template:IPAblink, and in some cases the ejectives appear to be in free variation with the voiceless plosives.
Phonological processes
Gemination
In positions other than word-initial, Xamtanga contrasts geminate and non-geminate consonants. With most consonants, the difference between a geminate and a non-geminate is simply one of length, but the cases of Script error: No such module "IPA". are more complex. When not word-initial, non-geminate Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as a bilabial Template:IPAblink or labiodental fricative Template:IPAblink, and Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are realized as affricates: Script error: No such module "IPA".. Their geminate equivalents may be realized as prolonged Script error: No such module "IPA"., or can simply be short Script error: No such module "IPA"..
In word-initial position, geminate consonants do not occur, and /b t q/ are realized as plosives.
Notes
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Bibliography
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