Monopotassium phosphate

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Monopotassium phosphate
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Molar mass 136.086Script error: No such module "String".g/mol
Appearance Colourless crystals or white granular or crystalline powder[2]
Odor Odorless [2]
Density 2.338Script error: No such module "String".g/cm3
Melting point Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures
Boiling point Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures
Solubility Slightly soluble in ethanol
Acidity (pKa) 6.86[3]
Basicity (pKb) 11.9
Template:Longitem 1.4864
Template:Longitem Tetragonal[5]
Template:Longitem I42d
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a = 0.744Script error: No such module "String".nm, b = 0.744Script error: No such module "String".nm, c = 0.697Script error: No such module "String".nm
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Template:Longitem Monosodium phosphate
Monoammonium phosphate
Template:Longitem Dipotassium phosphate
Tripotassium phosphate

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Monopotassium phosphate (MKP) (also, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KDP, or monobasic potassium phosphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula KH2PO4. Together with dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4.(H2O)x) it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. The salt often cocrystallizes with the dipotassium salt as well as with phosphoric acid.[7]

Single crystals are paraelectric at room temperature. At temperatures below Script error: No such module "convert"., they become ferroelectric.

Structure

Monopotassium phosphate can exist in several polymorphs. At room temperature it forms paraelectric crystals with tetragonal symmetry. Upon cooling to Script error: No such module "convert". it transforms to a ferroelectric phase of orthorhombic symmetry, and the transition temperature shifts up to Script error: No such module "convert". when hydrogen is replaced by deuterium.[8] Heating to Script error: No such module "convert". changes its structure to monoclinic.[9] When heated further, MKP decomposes, by loss of water, to potassium metaphosphate, Template:Chem/link, at Script error: No such module "convert"..

Symmetry Space
group 		№ Pearson
symbol 		a
(nm) 		b
(nm) 		c
(nm) 		Z Density
(g/cm3) 		T (°C, °F, K)
Orthorhombic[8] Fdd2 43 oF48 1.0467 1.0533 0.6926 8 2.37 < Script error: No such module "convert".
Tetragonal[5] I42d 122 tI24 0.744 0.744 0.697 4 2.34 Script error: No such module "convert".
Monoclinic[9] P21/c 14 mP48 0.733 1.449 0.747 8 Script error: No such module "convert".

Manufacturing

Monopotassium phosphate is produced by the action of phosphoric acid on potassium carbonate. It can then be crystallized into boules, large crystals by dissolving the KDP in hot water and salt, creating a growth solution, placing a seed crystal in the solution and then cooling the solution, done in a holden-type crystallizer, in what is known as solution growth.[10][11][12]

Applications

Fertilizer-grade MKP powder contains the equivalent of 52% Template:Chem/link and 34% Template:Chem/link, and is labeled NPKScript error: No such module "String".0-52-34. MKP powder is often used as a nutrient source in the greenhouse trade and in hydroponics.

Crystals of MKP are used in optical modulators and for non-linear optics such as second-harmonic generation (SHG). Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDP), with slightly different properties, is also used in nonlinear frequency conversion of laser light. The replacement of protons with deuterons in the crystal shifts the third overtone of the strong OH molecular stretch to longer wavelengths, moving it mostly out of the range of the fundamental line at approximately 1064 nm of neodymium-based lasers. Regular KDP has absorbances at this wavelength of approximately 4.7–6.3% per cm of thickness while highly deuterated KDP has absorbances of typically less than 0.8% per cm.

Monopotassium phosphate is also used as an ingredient in sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade.

In medicine, monopotassium phosphate is used for phosphate substitution in hypophosphatemia.[13]

Gallery

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Mathews, Christopher K., K. E. Van Holde, Ean R. Appling, and Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill. Biochemistry. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub., 1990. Print.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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