Jugaad

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From top left to right: A temporary jugaad improvised repair for a broken support; Improvised ceiling mount for a laptop computer; Jugaad water heater used in villages of Haryana and Punjab in India and Pakistan.

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Jugaad (Hindustani: Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Translit (Hindi) / Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Translit (Urdu)) is a concept of non-conventional, frugal innovation in the Indian subcontinent.[1] It also includes innovative fixes or simple workarounds, solutions that bend the rules, or resources that can be used in such a way. It is considered creative to make existing things work and create new things with meager resources.

Jugaad is increasingly acceptedScript error: No such module "Unsubst". as a management technique[2][3] and is recognized all over the world as a form of frugal innovation.[4] Companies in Southeast Asia are adoptingScript error: No such module "Unsubst". jugaad as a practice to reduce research and development costs.[5] Jugaad also applies to any kind of creative and out-of-the-box thinking or life hacks that maximize resources for a company and its stakeholders. Jugaad is however, also argued to be not limited to management circles but rather about infrastructural arrangements depoyed by product designers and users that allow for versitality and improvisaiton of use and repair.[6][7]

According to author and professor Jaideep Prabhu, jugaad is an "important way out of the currentScript error: No such module "Unsubst". economic crisis in developed economies and also holds important lessons for emerging economies".[8]

Improvised vehicles

File:Jugaad technology (A motorcycle pulling another one by a rope).jpg
Script error: No such module "Lang". technology: a motorcycle pulling another one by a rope

Script error: No such module "Lang". can also refer to a homemade or locally made vehicle in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They are made by local mechanics using wooden planks, metal sheets and parts taken from different machines and vehicles.

One type of Script error: No such module "Lang". is a quadricycle, a vehicle made of wooden planks and old SUV parts, variously known as kuddukkaScript error: No such module "Unsubst". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Northern India. However, Script error: No such module "Lang". is also used as a term for any low-cost vehicle which typically costs around Rs 50,000 (US$Template:To USD).[9] Script error: No such module "Lang". may be powered by a diesel engine originally intended to power agricultural irrigation pumps. They are known for poor brakes, and cannot go faster than about 60 km/h (37 mph). The vehicle often carries more than 20 people at a time in remote locations and poor road conditions.

Though no statistical data is available, it is reported that there are a number of instances of failing brakes, requiring a passenger to jump off and manually apply a wooden block as a brake. As part of research for his 2013 book, Innovation and a Global Knowledge Economy in India, Thomas Birtchnell, a lecturer of Sustainable Communities at University of Wollongong, Australia, found that of 2,139 cases of road traffic casualties in 72 hours at J N Medical College hospital in Aligarh, 13.88% of pedestrian casualties were due to Script error: No such module "Lang".. It was stated by Minister of Road Transport and Highways Pon Radhakrishnan that jugaad do not conform to the specifications of a motor vehicle under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.[10] These vehicles hence do not have any vehicle registration plate and they are not registered with the Regional Transport Office (RTO). Hence, no road tax is paid on them, neither there exists any official count of such vehicles.

Jugaad vehicles are not officially recognized as road-worthy, and despite a few proposals to regulate them, vote-bank politics have trumped safety concerns. The improvised vehicles have now become rather popular as a means to transport all manner of burdens, from lumber to steel rods to school children.[11] For safety reasons the Government of India has officially banned Script error: No such module "Lang". vehicles.[12]

Another type of Script error: No such module "Lang". called bike-Script error: No such module "Lang". or motorcycle-Script error: No such module "Lang"., a motorcycle, moped or scooter modified into motorized trikes are used in the northern states of India, especially Punjab.[13][14]

Another type of Script error: No such module "Lang". called Script error: No such module "Lang". rickshaw or Script error: No such module "Lang". rickshaw, WWII-era Harley Davidson motorcycles modified into motorized trikes which were earlier used in New Delhi.[15]

A variant of the Script error: No such module "Lang". vehicle in the Tamil Nadu state of Southern India is the Script error: No such module "Lang".. This roughly translates to 'fish bed vehicle' because they originated among local fishermen who needed a quick and cheap transport system to transport fish. It is a motorized tri-wheeler (derived from the non-motorized variant)[16][17] with a heavy-duty suspension and a motorcycle engine—typically recycled from Czech Yezdi or Enfield Bullet vehicles. Its origins are typical of other Script error: No such module "Lang". innovations—dead fish are typically considered unhygienic, and vehicles that carry them cannot be typically used to carry anything else. Similar vehicles can be found throughout much of Southeast Asia.[18]

Another variant of the Script error: No such module "Lang". called Script error: No such module "Lang". rickshaw, a motorcycle modified into a tri-wheeler with truck wheels in the rear, is used in the Gujarat state of India.[19]

A variant of Script error: No such module "Lang". in Pakistan is a motorcycle made into a motorized trike called Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning "moon vehicle" or Script error: No such module "Lang". after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi who first introduced these to the market.[20]

Today, a Script error: No such module "Lang". is one of the most cost-effective transportation solutions for rural Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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