Judeo-Tat

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Jewish culture Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a Judeo-Persian dialect and the traditional language spoken by the Mountain Jews in the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan, parts of Russia and today in Israel.[1] It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages, albeit with heavy influence from Hebrew. The words Juhuri and Juhuro translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".

The Iranic Tat language is spoken by the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan, a group to which the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to belong during the era of Soviet historiography though the languages probably originated in the same region of the Persian Empire.

Judeo-Tat features Semitic elements in all linguistic levels of the language. Uniquely, Judeo-Tat retains the voiced pharyngeal approximant, also known as ayin (ع/ע), a phoneme whose presence is considered to be a hallmark of Semitic languages such as Arabic and no longer found in Modern Hebrew; no neighbouring languages feature it.[2]

Judeo-Tat is an endangered language[3][4] classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[5]

Distribution

The language is spoken by an estimated 101,000 people:

Dialects

Being a variety of the Tat language, Judeo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:

  • Quba dialect (traditionally spoken in Quba and Qırmızı Qəsəbə as well as other towns and villages in the region.).
  • Derbent dialect (traditionally spoken in the town of Derbent and the surrounding villages).
  • Kaitag dialect (spoken in the North Caucasus).

The dialects of Oğuz (formerly Vartashen) and the now extinct Jewish community of Mücü have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified.[8]

Phonology

Vowel phonemes of Judeo-Tat[9]
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Near-close Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Consonant phonemes of Judeo-Tat
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alv./Palatal 		Velar Uvular Pharyn
-geal 		Glottal
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
voiced Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
voiced Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Approximant Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Flap Template:IPAlink

Alphabet

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In the early 20th century, Judeo-Tat used the Hebrew script. In the 1920s, the Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in Cyrillic. The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.

Script and phonemes of Judeo-Tat
Latin Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Əə Ff Gg Hh Ḩḩ Ħћ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Xx Yy Zz
Cyrillic Аа Бб Чч Жж Дд Ее Ээ Фф Гг Гьгь ГӀгӀ Хьхь Ии Йй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Гъгъ Рр Сс Шш Тт Уу Вв Хх Уьуь Зз
Hebrew אַ בּ ג׳/צ ז׳ ד אי א פ ג ה ע ח אִ י כּ ל מ נ אָ פּ ק ר ס ש ת אוּ ב כ או ז
IPA a b tʃ/ts dʒ d ɛ æ f g h ʕ ħ i j k l m n o p ɢ ɾ s ʃ t u v χ y z

Influences and etymology

Judeo-Tat is a Southwest Iranian language (as is modern Persian) and is much more closely related to (but not fully mutually intelligible with)[10] modern Persian than most other Iranian languages of the Caucasus (for example: Talysh, Ossetian, and Kurdish). However, it also bears strong influence from other sources:

Medieval Persian: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions, for example in modern Persian: باز او > Judeo-Tat æ uræ-voz "with him/her".

Arabic: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Judeo-Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic, for example Script error: No such module "IPA". "honey" (Arab. Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "IPA". "morning" (Arab. Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Hebrew: As in other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loanwords, for example Script error: No such module "IPA". "table" (Heb. <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שֻלחן‎ shulḥan), Script error: No such module "IPA". "luck" (Heb. <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />מזל‎ mazal), Script error: No such module "IPA". "rich" (Heb. <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />עשיר‎ ʻashir). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ח‎ and <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ע‎ are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang".‎, Script error: No such module "Lang". respectively); <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ק‎ is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian Script error: No such module "Lang".). Classical Hebrew Script error: No such module "IPA". (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ו‎) and Script error: No such module "IPA". (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".)

Azerbaijani: Vowel harmony and many loan words

Russian: Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan

Northeast Caucasian languages: Script error: No such module "IPA". "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")

Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:

  • Script error: No such module "IPA". > /o/, /æ/, or /u/ as in Script error: No such module "IPA". "book" (Arab. Script error: No such module "Lang".), Script error: No such module "IPA". "road/path" (Pers. Script error: No such module "Lang". rāh), Script error: No such module "IPA". "sacrifice" (Arab., Aramaic Script error: No such module "IPA". or Heb. <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קרבן‎ Korban)
  • /o/ > /u/ as in Script error: No such module "IPA". "Absalom" (Heb. <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />אבשלום‎ Abshalom)
  • /u/ > /y/, especially under the influence of vowel harmony
  • Stress on the final syllable of words
  • Dropping of the final /n/ as in /soχtæ/ "to make" (Pers. Script error: No such module "Lang". sākhtan)

References

  1. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e26
  2. ↑ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
  3. ↑ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Template:Webarchive
  6. ↑ Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, ed. Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. [2].
  7. ↑ James B. Minahan, ed. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia: Juhuro.
  8. ↑ Template:In lang Language of the Mountain Jews of Dagestan Template:Webarchive by E.Nazarova
  9. ↑ Template:In lang Phonetics of the Mountain Jewish language
  10. ↑ Authier, Gilles (2012). Grammaire juhuri, ou judéo-tat, langue iranienne des Juifs du Caucase de l'est. Wiesbaden: Reichert

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Languages of Azerbaijan Template:Languages of the Caucasus Template:Jews and Judaism Template:Authority control

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