Juba Arabic

Juba Arabic (, ; Template:Langx), also known since 2011 as South Sudanese Arabic, is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in South Sudan, and derives its name from the South Sudanese capital, Juba. It is also spoken among communities of people from South Sudan living in towns in Sudan. The pidgin developed in the 19th century, among descendants of Sudanese soldiers, many of whom were recruited from southern Sudan. Residents of other large towns in South Sudan, notably Malakal and Wau, do not generally speak Juba Arabic, tending towards the use of Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic, in addition to local languages. Reportedly, it is the most spoken language in South Sudan (more so than the official language English) despite government attempts to discourage its use due to its association with past Arab rule.

Classification

Juba derives from a pidgin based on Sudanese Arabic. It has a vastly simplified grammar as well as the influence of local languages from the south of the country. DeCamp, writing in the mid-1970s, classifies Juba Arabic as a pidgin rather than a creole language (meaning that it is not passed on by parents to their children as a first language), though Mahmud, writing slightly later, appears to equivocate on this issue (see references below). Mahmoud's work is politically significant as it represented the first recognition by a northern Sudanese intellectual that Juba Arabic was not merely "Arabic spoken badly" but is a distinct dialect.Template:Sfn

Because of the civil war in southern Sudan from 1983, more recent research on this issue has been restricted. However, the growth in the size of Juba town since the beginning of the civil war, its relative isolation from much of its hinterland during this time, together with the relative collapse of state-run education systems in the government held garrison town (that would have further encouraged the use of Arabic as opposed to Juba Arabic), may have changed patterns of usage and transmission of Juba Arabic since the time of the last available research. Further research is required to determine the extent to which Juba Arabic may now be considered a creole rather than a pidgin language.

Phonology

Vowels

Each vowel in Juba Arabic comes in more open/more close pairs. It is more open in two environments: stressed syllables preceding Template:IPAslink, and unstressed syllables. For example, contrast the in "piastre", and "salt"; or the in "lesson", and "milk".Template:Sfn

As opposed to Standard Arabic, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between short and long vowels. However, long vowels in Standard Arabic often become stressed in Juba Arabic. Stress can be grammatical, such as in "to give birth", and "to be born".Template:Sfn

Juba Arabic vowel phonemesTemplate:Sfn

	Front	Back
Close	Template:IPAlink~Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink~Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Mid	Template:IPAlink~Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink~Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Open	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr

Consonants

Juba Arabic omits some of the consonants found in Standard Arabic. In particular, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between pairs of plain and emphatic consonants (e.g. and ), keeping only the plain variant. Moreover, is never pronounced, while and may be pronounced Template:IPAblink or omitted altogether. Conversely, Juba Arabic uses consonants not found in Standard Arabic: v Template:IPAslink, ny Template:IPAslink, and ng Template:IPAslink. Finally, consonant doubling, also known as gemination or in Arabic, is absent in Juba Arabic. Compare Standard Arabic and Juba Arabic , meaning "sugar".

In the following table, the common Latin transcriptions appear between angle brackets next to the phonemes. Parentheses indicate phonemes that are either relatively rare or are more likely to be used in the "educated" register of Juba Arabic.Template:Sfn

Juba Arabic consonant phonemesTemplate:Sfn

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Plosive	Voiceless		Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr		Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	(Template:IPAlink) Template:AngbrTemplate:Efn
	Voiced	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Fricative	Voiceless	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	(Template:IPAlink) Template:AngbrTemplate:Efn		(Template:IPAlink) Template:AngbrTemplate:Efn
	Voiced	Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr	Template:IPAlink Template:AngbrTemplate:Efn
Flap			Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Approximant		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

Orthography

Juba Arabic has no standardised orthography, but the Latin alphabet is widely used. A dictionary was published in 2005, Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi, using the Latin script.

Vocabulary

The following is a sample vocabulary taken from Smith and Ama (1985):

Juba Arabic	Origin	English
gelba	From Arabic Template:Script/Arabic	heart
januub	From Arabic Template:Script/Arabic	south
jidaada	From Sudanese Arabic Template:Script/Arabic , from Arabic Template:Script/Arabic (with metathesis)	chicken
tarabeeza	From Sudanese Arabic Template:Script/Arabic , from Greek Template:Script/Greek	table
yatu	From Sudanese Arabic Template:Script/Arabic	which
bafra	From Dinka bafora	cassava

See also

• Languages of South Sudan
• Varieties of Arabic
• Sudanese Arabic
• Bimbashi Arabic

Bibliography

• Manfredi, Stefano, and Mauro Tosco. "Juba Arabic (ÁRABI JÚBA): A ‘less indigenous’ language of South Sudan." Sociolinguistic Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 209-230.
• Leonardi, Cherry. "South Sudanese Arabic and the negotiation of the local state, c. 1840–2011." The Journal of African History 54, no. 3 (2013): 351–372.
• Miller, Catherine. "Southern Sudanese Arabic and the churches." Revue roumaine de linguistique 3 (2010): 383–400

Other Readings

• Nakao, Shuichiro. 2018. "Mountains do not meet, but men do." Arabic in Contact, edited by Stefano Mandfredi and Mauro Tosco, 275-294. John Benjamins Publishing.
• Template:In lang Manfredi, Stefano "Juba Arabic: A Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic with Sociolinguistic notes about the Sudanese community in Cairo", Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". (unpublished thesis)
• Template:In lang Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Le Juba-Arabic, une lingua-franca du Sudan méridional; remarques sur le fonctionnment du verbe", Cahiers du Mas-Gelles, 1, Paris, Geuthner, pp 105–118.
• Template:In lang Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Aperçu du système verbal en Juba-Arabic", Comptes rendu du GLECS, XXIV–XXVIII, 1979–1984, T. 2, Paris, Geuthner, pp 295–315.
• Template:In lang Watson, Richard L., (1989), "An Introduction to Juba Arabic", Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 6: 95–117.

External links

• Juba Arabic English Dictionary: Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi
• Juba Arabic Swadesh list
• Podcasts in Juba Arabic
• Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phrases
• Juba Arabic Facebook page
• Juba Arabic for Beginners (Chapter 1) by the South Sudan Humanitarian Project