Jilin

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JilinTemplate:Efn is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea (Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Primorsky Krai) to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west.

Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.

Name

Script error: No such module "anchor". The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula,Template:Efn a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula (t Script error: No such module "Lang"., s Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin (Wade-Giles) and later "Jilin" (Hanyu Pinyin).[1]

History

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by the Xianbei, Sushen, the Mohe, Jurchens, and the Wùjí (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[2] The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area.

The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu, Xianbei state, Goguryeo, Balhae, Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[3] During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today.

After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan. Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm.[4] The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union. Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War.

In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution, Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia, though this was later reversed.

In recent times Jilin has, with the rest of heavy industry-based Northeast China, been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast".

Geography

Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of Template:Convert and a population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun, which lies Template:Convert west of Jilin City. Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs.[5]

The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country.[6]

Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at Template:Cvt. Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.

Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur.

Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from Template:Cvt. Rainfall averages at Template:Cvt.

File:吉林雾凇.jpg
Winter rime trees of Jilin City

Major cities in this province include Changchun, Jilin City, Baishan, Baicheng, Siping, Yanji, Songyuan, Tonghua and Liaoyuan.[7]

Administrative divisions

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Jilin consists of nine prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one autonomous prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Jilin

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Division code[8] Division Area in km2[9] Population 2010[10] Seat Divisions[11]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
220000 Jilin Province 187,400.00 27,462,297 Changchun city 21 16 3 20
220100 Changchun city 24,734.13 7,677,089 Nanguan District 7 1 3
220200 Jilin city 27,659.79 4,414,681 Chuanying District 4 1 4
220300 Siping city 10,241.73 3,386,325 Tiexi District 2 1 1 1
220400 Liaoyuan city 5,140.45 1,176,645 Longshan District 2 2
220500 Tonghua city 15,607.80 2,325,242 Dongchang District 2 3 2
220600 Baishan city 17,473.73 1,295,750 Hunjiang District 2 2 1 1
220700 Songyuan city 21,089.38 2,881,082 Ningjiang District 1 2 1 1
220800 Baicheng city 25,692.29 2,033,058 Taobei District 1 2 2
222400 Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture 43,509.10 2,271,600 Yanji city 2 6
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  Sub-provincial cities

These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts, 20 county-level cities, 16 counties, and three autonomous counties). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin.) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million.[1]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[12] 2010 Urban area[13] 2020 City proper
1 ChangchunTemplate:Efn 3,531,661 3,411,209Template:Efn 9,066,906
2 Jilin 1,326,640 1,469,722 3,623,713
3 Yanji 630,612 505,516 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
4 SipingTemplate:Efn 485,710 509,107 1,814,733
5 Songyuan 480,769 464,999 2,252,994
6 Tonghua 408,403 476,792 1,812,114
7 Liaoyuan 407,296 385,049 996,903
8 Baishan 391,234 503,287 1,551,378
9 Gongzhuling 384,715 337,851 see ChangchunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn
10 Meihekou 291,138 268,259 see TonghuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
11 Baicheng 263,667 359,492 968,373
12 Yushu 253,344 280,961 see ChangchunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
13 Dunhua 241,929 293,396 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
14 Dehui 202,988 187,956 see ChangchunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
15 Hunchun 189,760 174,355 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
16 Huadian 184,810 193,537 see JilinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
17 Shulan 176,692 254,850 see JilinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
18 Jiaohe 168,313 201,712 see JilinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
19 Panshi 163,592 228,004 see JilinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
20 Shuangliao 146,716 180,700 see SipingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
21 Da'an 136,823 202,322 see BaichengScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
22 Fuyu 124,874 Template:Efn see SongyuanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
23 Taonan 115,946 164,976 see BaichengScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
24 Longjing 96,972 122,065 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
25 Linjiang 87,555 133,435 see BaishanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
26 Ji'an 81,982 95,971 see TonghuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
27 Helong 80,419 112,337 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
28 Tumen 71,023 109,342 part of Yanbian PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
— Jiutai see ChangchunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 198,851 see ChangchunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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Politics

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File:Mao Statue at Former Site Museum Of Changchun Film Studio 长影旧址博物馆.jpg
Statue of Mao Zedong in Jilin

The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary.

Economy

In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures.[14]

Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture. The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng.

Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China.[15] Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr, wollastonite, floatstone, and molybdenum.

Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.

Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production.[6]

Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine.[5][15]

Economic and technological development zones

Jilin New and Hi-tech Industry Development Zone

The zone was founded in 1992 and is in Jilin city, covering Template:Convert of planned area with Template:Convert established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration of photoelectron and mechanism, electronics, medicine and bioengineering. A mere Template:Convert from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within Template:Convert.[16]

The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of Template:Convert. It is Template:Convert from Changchun, Template:Convert from Jilin Airport, and Template:Convertfrom Jilin Railway Station.

Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts: the Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products.

State-level ETDZs Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone

In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ is Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan.[17]

Changchun is also the location of one of the largest factories where CRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda, they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at -40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.[18]

State-level HIDZs Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area

Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%.[19]

Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone

Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of Template:Convert. In 2002 and 2001, the Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries.[20]

Hunchun Export Processing Zone

The Hunchun Export Processing Zone is in Template:Convert area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is Template:Convert. It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone.[21]

Infrastructure

There are Template:Convert of highways, including over Template:Convert of expressways.

The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these, the Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to Template:Convert. The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between the cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached Template:Convert.

The main commercial airport is Changchun Longjia International Airport; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport, Baicheng Chang'an Airport, Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport.[5]

Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on a two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China.[6] Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc.

Demographics

Template:Historical populations Jilin is inhabited by Han Chinese, Manchus, Hui, Mongols and Xibe. Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language.[22] Koreans comprise about 4% of the population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of the province speaks Mandarin.

Ethnic groups in Jilin (2000 census)
Ethnic Groups Population Percentage
Han Chinese 24,348,815 90.85%
Koreans 1,145,688 4.27%
Manchu 993,112 3.71%
Mongol 172,026 0.64%
Hui 125,620 0.47%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.[23]

Culture

Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge. Among its music, Jiju, or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.

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The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have a distinct culture, closely tied to Korea.

Languages

File:Languages spoken in Jilin.png
Languages spoken in Jilin: yellow: Mandarin; blue: Korean; red: Mongolian

The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean. Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian.

Cuisine

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Tourism

The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin, including Hwando Mountain City, Gungnae City, and the pyramidal Tomb of the General, have been listed as part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, a World Heritage Site.

Paektu Mountain, especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea, are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.

The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo, are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

Education

Universities and colleges

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Sports

File:长春体育中心2017-2.jpg
Changchun Stadium.

Professional teams

Notable individuals

See also

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Notes

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References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Template:In lang "Origin of the Names of China's Provinces" Template:Webarchive, People's Daily Online.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  3. ↑ History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  4. ↑ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Template:Webarchive. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ RightSite.asia | Jilin Hi-Tech Development Zone
  17. ↑ RightSite.asia | Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ RightSite.asia | Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area
  20. ↑ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone Template:Webarchive
  21. ↑ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Export Processing Zone Template:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., 2 volumes
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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