Jat Muslim

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Jat Muslim or Musalman Jats (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), also spelled Jatt or Jutt (Script error: No such module "IPA".), are an elastic and diverse[1] ethnoreligious subgroup of the Jat people, who follow Islam and are native to the northwestern Indian subcontinent.[2] They are primarily found in Sindh, Pakistani Punjab, and Balochistan.[3][4] Some are also found in Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, where they are known as Muley Jats.[5]

The Jats began converting to Islam during the early medieval period, influenced by Sufis like Baba Farid. The conversion process was gradual.[6]

History

File:Abbasid Dinar - al-Ma'mun - 208 AH (823 AD).jpg
A gold dinar minted by the Zutt Emir Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari
File:Sadullah Khan giving audience, c1655.jpg
Grand Vizier Saadullah Khan meeting with his officials
File:Nawab Faizullah Khan.png
Portrait of Faizullah Khan, the founder of Rampur State

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The Jats were one of the first communities of the Subcontinent to interact with the Muslims. They were known as the Zuṭṭ (Template:Langx),[7][8][9] although this term also referred to several other groups—such as the Sāyabija, Andāghar, and Qufs—not all of whom were necessarily ethnic Jats.[10] The Zutt were originally from the Indus Valley, but had been settling in lower Iraq since the reign of Bahram V.[11] Following the failed Zutt Rebellion, the Zutt lost their power and distinct identity.[12] They ceased their migrations into Iraq following the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Arabs had noted several agglomerations of Jats settled throughout the province of Sind.[13]

Between the 11th and 16th centuries, some Sindhi Jats migrated up into Punjab.[14][15] Many clans have traditions of converting to Islam during this period, influenced by Sufis like Baba Farid.[16] By the 16th century, many Punjabi clans west of the Ravi river had converted.[17] Despite conversion, many Jats continued to resist foreign Muslim imperial powers such as the Timurids,[18][19] Mughals,[20] and Surs.[21][22] Meanwhile, others chose to cooperate with the Muslim rulers to advance their own interests.

During the Delhi Sultanate, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was appointed as the governor of Multan, and later of Dipalpur. His early forces were primarily composed of Jat tribesmen recruited from Dipalpur, who fought alongside him in all his campaigns.[23]

During Mughal rule, Jats came to own considerable land and exert local influence.[13][24] The Mughals never had direct control over many of these rural grandees.[15] Some also obtained high positions, such as Grand Vizier and Vakil-i-Mutlaq, Saadullah Khan,[25][26] Faujdar of Sialkot, Rahmat Khan Bajwa,[27][28] prominent Jagirdar, Rai Muhammad Jani Malhi,[29] and governor of Gujrat, Rehmat Khan Warraich.[30]

As the Mughal empire began to decline, various groups vied to fill the resulting power vacuum.[15] Among them were several ambitious Muslim Jat chiefs and princes. In Rohilkhand, the Rohilla Nawabs established the Kingdom of Rohilkhand and the Rampur State.[31][32][33][34] In the Deccan, a descendant of Saadullah Khan, Muzaffar Jang Hidayat, briefly became the Nizam of Hyderabad.[35][36] In the Malwa Plateau, the Pindari chief Chitu Khan formed a de facto independent durrah and joined fellow Pindari chiefs in plundering the neighboring Nizams, Rajputs, Marathas, and British territories.[37][38][39] And in Punjab, the Gondal Jats of the Gondal Bar resisted Nader Shah,[19] while the Pakpattan state and Chattha Jats resisted the expanding Sikh Misls.[40][41] Ultimately, the British Raj annexed or transformed all these disparate states into princely states.

During British rule, many Punjabi Muslims, including Jats, would enlist in the British Indian Army.[42][43] Most were recruited from the Pothohar Plateau.[44]

Certain Punjabi Jat families—such as the Mokals, Nakais, and Pahuwindias—had strong ties to the Lahore Durbar before their conversion to Islam, which granted them significant influence in the districts of Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, and Okara. Despite their conversion and the subsequent Partition of Punjab, these families maintained much of their social and political standing. Notable figures from these lineages include Habibullah Khan Mokal, Muhammad Arif Nakai, and Ahmed Said Pahuwindia.[45]

Demographics

British India

Punjab

File:EB1911 India - wife with izār, kurta, and orhni; husband with majba, chadar, and joridar.jpg
Mahommedan Jat cultivators. Wife:—with izār, kurta, and orhni or chadar; husband:—with majba, chadar, and joridar pagri. “India,” Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911.

As per the 1921 census, 47.3% of the Jats followed Islam in British Punjab.[46] In the 1931 census, the total Muslim Jat population was 2,941,395 (out of British Punjab's total population of 28,490,857).[47]

The capital of Punjab, Lahore, was a Jat-majority city, with the Sandhu Jats being by far the largest Jat clan. They held more than 60 estates in Tehsil Lahore alone.[48]

Pakistan and India

In 1988, Sukhbir Singh estimated the total Muslim Jat population to be around 13 million in Pakistan and 240,000 in India. He extrapolated these numbers from older British censuses, and factored in the natural population growth in both countries. In terms of percentages by religious affiliation, Sukhbir Singh also wrote that Jat Muslims form the largest subgroup, amounting to 42% of all Jats in the Indian subcontinent, followed by Hindus (33%) and Sikhs (25%).[49]

In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.[50] The Jats, together with Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant Punjabi Muslim communities settled across eastern Pakistan.[51]

Balochistan

The Jats of Balochistan are tribes of Sindhi Jat origin found in Baluchistan.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". They make up roughly 10% of the total population of Balochistan, being the fourth largest ethnic group.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These Jats are often involved in camel herding. The Jadgals are another Jat-origin ethnic group living in Balochistan.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Notable people

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Gupta, Dipankar (1997). Rivalry and Brotherhood: Politics in the Life of Farmers in Northern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 2, 34, 44-47, 50, 57, 60, 63–65, 82–85, 87, 124, 160. Template:ISBN.
  6. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. pp. 241–242. Template:ISBN. Template:Catalog lookup link.
  7. ↑ Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. McGill University. Template:ISBN. Pg. 45.
  8. ↑ Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". Journal of Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 52–69. Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".. JSTOR 26196673. Pg. 57.
  9. ↑ ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".. Pg. 355. JSTOR 4057316
  10. ↑ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Template:ISBN. Pg. 123, 195, 196.
  11. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. p. 48, 157. Template:ISBN. Template:Catalog lookup link.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Mayaram, Shail (2003), Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins, Columbia University Press, p. 19, Template:ISBN
  14. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1998), The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, p. 5, Template:ISBN, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)"
  15. ↑ a b c Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. Template:ISBN.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2015). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. Rupa. Template:ISBN.
  18. ↑ Elliot, Henry Miers (1959). The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians; the Muhammadan Period; the Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot, Volume 3. Susil Gupta (India) Private, 1959. pp. 428–429. Template:ISBN. "...[Timur] learned that they were a robust race, and were called Jats. They were Musulmáns only in name and had not their equals in theft and robbery. They plundered caravans on the road, and were a terror to Musulmáns and travellers... these turbulent Jats were as numerous as ants or locusts... [Timur] marched into the jungles and wilds, and slew 2,000 demon-like Jats."
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Sarvānī, ʻAbbās Khān (1974). Tārīk̲h̲-i-Śēr Śāhī. Translated by Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya. K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1974. Archived. Quote: "[Suri] ordered Habibat Khan to be rid of Fath Khan Jat who was in QABūLA and who had once laid the entire country right upto PANIPAT to pillage and plunder in the time of the Mughals and had made them desolate, and had also brought MULTAN under his control after wresting it from the Balūcīs."
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. Template:ISBN
  25. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Beveridge H. (1952). The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii (1952). The Calcutta Oriental Press Ltd. p. 647.
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b c Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) [1980]. History of the Sikhs. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 11. Template:ISBN. Template:Catalog lookup link. "The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur. Originally a Hindu Jat, who was taken prisoner when a young boy by Daud in one of his plundering expeditions, at village Bankauli in the parganah of Chaumahla, and was converted to Islam and adopted by him."
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b Wœrkens, Martine van (2002). The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India. University of Chicago Press. p. 25. Template:ISBN.
  38. ↑ a b Gott, Richard (7 November 2011). Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt. Verso Books. Template:ISBN.
  39. ↑ a b Roy, Mahendra Prakash (1973). Origin, Growth, and Suppression of the Pindaris. Sterling Publishers. Template:ISBN
  40. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (1984). Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. University of California Press. Template:ISBN.
  41. ↑ Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvir (1992). Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications - University of Michigan Library (digitized 9 May 2008) via Google Books website. pp. 56–62. Template:ISBN.
  42. ↑ Omissi, David (8 April 2001). "Military Planning and Wartime Recruitment (India)". "The single most numerous "class" of Indian recruits in both world wars, however, was the Punjabi Muslims"
  43. ↑ Singh, R. S. N. (2008). The Military Factor in Pakistan. New Delhi ; Frankfort, IL: Lancer Publishers. p. 178. Template:ISBN
  44. ↑ Leigh, Maxwell Studdy (1922). The Punjab and the War. Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1922. Template:ISBN.
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ “ Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 1, Report.” Census Reports - 1921, 1923., 1923. JSTOR 25430164 Accessed 8 Apr. 2024. Page 345.
  47. ↑ “Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.” Census Reports - 1931, 1933., 1933. JSTOR 25793242 Accessed 8 Apr. 2024. Page 290.
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Singh S. Distributional pattern of the major agricultural communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in their traditional abode of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Popul Geogr. 1988 Jun-Dec;10(1-2):8. PMID 12179032.
  50. ↑ Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). "JATS". In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 418–419. Template:ISBN.
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Gazetteers Of The Gujranwala District 1893–94. Punjab Government. 1895. "The most powerful of the Jat tribes on the Chenab was that of the Chatthas. Under Nur Muhammad they became so powerful that the Lahore government was practically set at defiance."
  53. ↑ Singh, Harbans (1995). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism – Volume I A-D. Punjabi University Patiala. "The Chatthas were influential Jat landlords... Nur Muhammad, a powerful chief of the clan, resisted Mir Mannu's authority."
  54. ↑ Yasmin, Robina (2022-01-13). Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-4034-8.
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  58. ↑ Iqbāl Qaiṣar, پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں, Punjabi History Board, 2001, p.206
  59. ↑ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government. T.C. McCarthy.
  60. ↑ Matinuddin, Kamal (1999) The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994-1997, p 63. Oxford University Press US, Template:ISBN
  61. ↑ Carlotta Gall (3 March 2010). "Former Pakistani Officer Embodies a Policy Puzzle". The New York Times.

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