Jani Beg

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Jani Beg (Persian: جانی بیگ, Turki/Kypchak: جانی بک; died 1357), also known as Janibek Khan, was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 until his death in 1357.[1] He succeeded his father Öz Beg Khan.

Reign

With the support of his mother Taydula Khatun, Jani Beg made himself khan after eliminating his older brother and rival Tini Beg at Saray-Jük in 1342; he had already killed another ambitious brother, Khiḍr Beg. He is known to have actively interfered in the affairs of the Russian principalities and of Lithuania.[2] The grand princes of Moscow, Simeon and Ivan II, were under constant political and military pressure from Jani Beg.

Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa, then a Genoese colony, in 1343. The siege was lifted by an Italian relief force in February. In 1345, Jani Beg again besieged Kaffa; however, his assault was again unsuccessful due to an outbreak of plague among his troops. Jani Beg's army catapulted infected corpses into Kaffa in an attempt to use the plague to weaken the defenders. Infected Genoese sailors subsequently sailed from Kaffa to Genoa, Messina, and Constantinople, introducing the Black Death into Europe.[3] The story involving the catapult has been disputed. It is originally based on Gabriel de Mussis of Piacenza in Italy, who wrote about the plague in 1348. It is more likely that rats carrying plague-infested fleas went from the Jani Beg's camp to the city and thereby infected the Genoese.[4][5]

In 1342, Janibeg temporarily imposed a tax on the Orthodox church in Russia at the instigation of a Russian prince who harbored resentment toward the church due to its significant wealth and reputation. By that time, the Golden Horde's treasury had drained because of natural disasters and warfare; however, Janibeg restored the tax exempt status of the church in September 1347 and reconfirmed it in 1351, returning to the religious policy of Genghis Khan.[6]

File:Golden Horde. Jani Beg (Jambek) II. AH 767-768 AD 1365-1366.jpg
Golden Horde coinage of Jani Beg (Jambek) II. AH 767–768 AD 1365–1366

In 1356, Jani Beg conquered the city of Tabriz, installing his own governor. He also asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate, attempting to unite the three khanates of the Mongol Empire. After accepting surrender from Shaikh Uvais, Jani Beg boasted that three ulus (districts/nations) of the Mongol Empire were under his control. Soon after this, he faced an uprising in Tabriz resulting in the rise to power of the Jalayirid dynasty, an offshoot of Ilkhanate, and ultimately in the death of the Khan.

The Chudov Monastery in Moscow, founded at about the time of Jani Beg's fall by Metropolitan Aleksii and Sergii of Radonezh, was built on land that according to legend was granted to Aleksii by the Khan as thanks for the miraculous curing of his mother Taydula by the former.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The reign of Jani Beg was marked by the first signs of the feudal strife which would eventually contribute to the demise of the Golden Horde. Jani Beg's assassination in 1357 opened a quarter-century of political turmoil within the Golden Horde. Twenty-five khans took power between 1357 and 1378.

Catalan Atlas (1375)

File:Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg
Jani Beg of the Golden Horde, as depicted in the Catalan Atlas (1375), with the flag of the Golden Horde: File:Flag of the Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (published in1375).png.[7]

Jani Beg appears in the 1375 Catalan Atlas: the Mongol polity of the Golden Horde is accurately depicted north of the Caspian Sea. Jani Beg has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as "Script error: No such module "Lang".", and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears (File:Flag of the Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (published in1375).png).[8] The caption to the right of his depiction reads:

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The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas (File:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg) is fairly similar to the type of tamgha symbols (such as File:Tamga Mengu-Timur.svg) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde.[9][10] Such symbols were used until the time of Jani Beg, but essentially disappear thereafter.[11]

Family

File:Coin of Jani Beg New Serai mint. Dated AH 748 (1347-8 CE).jpg
Coin of Jani Beg, New Serai mint. Dated AH 748 (1347–8 CE)
File:Coin of Jani Beg, Gulistan mint. Dated AH 753 (1352-3 CE).jpg
Coin of Jani Beg, Gulistan mint. Dated AH 753 (1352–3 CE)

Jani Beg had a number of sons, only one of whom, Berdi Beg, reigned after him but who proceeded to eliminate his brothers. Two or three more khans appear to have claimed to be Jani Beg's sons and are sometimes treated as such by modern scholars.[12]

Genealogy

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In popular culture

The 2012 Russian film The Horde is set during the reign of Jani Beg and is a highly fictionalised narrative of how Aleksii healed Taidula from blindness.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ O. Benedictow: The Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge 2006.
  5. ↑ Matthew J. Broughton Catapulted Death: Can a Flying Corpse Distribute the Plague? Retrieved: 30 June 2022.
  6. ↑ Enerelt Enkhbold, "Religious Services and Rational Choices: Two Cases of Limited Tax Exemption in the Mongol Empire," Central Asiatic Journal 67, no. 1-2 (2024): 195-219, https://doi.org/10.13173/CAJ.67.1-2.195.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ File:Golden Horde. Möngke (Mengu) Timur. AH 665-679 AD 1267-1280 Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275).jpgCoinage of Mengu-Timur. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275)
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ E.g., Buell 2003: 76; contrast Gaev 2002: 18-19, and Počekaev 2010: 122, 124.
  13. ↑ Martin Bernard Dickson, Michel M. Mazzaoui, Vera Basch Moreen, Intellectual studies on Islam: essays written in honor of Martin B. Dickson (1990), p. 113.

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Bibliography

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Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Khan of the Blue Horde and Golden Horde
1342–1357 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

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