Shenyang J-11

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The Shenyang J-11 (Chinese: 歼-11; NATO reporting name: Flanker-B+/Flanker-L), also known as Yinglong (Template:Lang-zh).[1] is a 4th generation twin-engine jet fighter of the People's Republic of China derived from the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27SK. It is manufactured by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC). The aircraft is operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).

Development

Proposed J-11

Based on experience from the Vietnam War, the PLAAF issued a requirement in 1969 for a STOL light fighter to replace the Shenyang J-6 and Nanchang Q-5. The proposal from the Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute and Shenyang Aircraft Factory was designated "J-11"; it resembled a French Dassault Mirage F1 and was powered by a British Rolls-Royce Spey 512 engine. The project was abandoned as no suitable engine could be procured, and the competing Nanchang J-12 was far more advanced.Template:Sfn

Su-27 purchase

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". China was the Su-27's first export customer.Template:Sfn China turned to the Soviet Union for weapons following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and the resulting Western arms embargo. China selected the Su-27 over the Mikoyan MiG-29. Three orders were made in the 1990s, and the deliveries of 36 Su-27SKs and 42 Su-27UBKs started in 1992 and continued into the 2000s.[2]

J-11

In 1996, China and Rosoboronexport entered a US$1.2 billion agreement[3] permitting SAC to produce 200 Su-27UBKs[2] under license. Production would start using kits manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAPPO). Subsystems (avionics, radars and engines) would be imported from Russia and not be produced under license.[3] Furthermore, the agreement prohibited China from exporting its production.[2] Production began in 1997.[3] The first two were completed in December 1998 but were poorly assembled and required Russian assistance to rebuild.[2] Five were built by 2000, and another 20 by 2003, by which time production was of high quality and incorporated local airframe parts; Russia did not object to local airframe parts, which allowed KnAPPO to reduce the contents of the kits supplied.[4] Russia resisted China's demands for upgraded avionics, eventually upgrading the obsolescent N001 pulse-Doppler radar with the improved N001V. Production of the J-11A, an "indigenous" variant, began in 2000. By 2006, at least 105 J-11 and J-11As had been produced with improved domestic avionics.[2]

Co-production reportedly ended in 2004 with the development of the J-11B "Flaming Dragon"[5]—a variant with domestic subsystems, which was in violation of the co-production agreement.[4][6] However, through 2009 China continued to hold licenses to produce Russian aircraft and components, which included previously confidential provisions concerning intellectual property. The original licence did not officially include carrier-capable aircraft (e.g. Sukhoi Su-33) or variants (e.g. Shenyang J-15).[7]

By 2015, J-11s were upgraded with Chinese-made missile approach warning systems (MAWS). Unconfirmed upgrades included improved cockpit displays, and fire control systems for R-77 or PL-10 missiles.[8]

J-11B

The J-11B is a multirole variant of the J-11 incorporating Chinese subsystems. It was conceived as a way to remove the J-11's dependency on Russia.[4] SAC unveiled a J-11B mockup in mid-2002. Three prototypes were delivered to the PLAAF for testing in 2006.[5] The two-seater J-11BS followed two years after the J-11B.[4] By 2011, reportedly 90% of the J-11B was based on subsystems and parts designed in China, with the engine presumably being a major part of the remainder.[4][9] Many domestic subsystems are improvements of those found on the Su-27SK.[9]

Chinese subsystems on the J-11B include Type 1493 radar, 3-axis data system, power supply system, emergency power unit, brake system, hydraulic system, fuel system, environment control system, molecular sieve oxygen generation systems,[4] digital flight control system, and glass cockpit.[5] The airframe is slightly lighter due to greater use of composites.[10]

The J-11B may carry the PL-12[4] and PL-8B air-to-air missiles. The J-11BG upgrade is capable of PL-15 and PL-10 missiles as well.[11]Template:Better source needed

Engine replacement

By 2004, the J-11 was being tested with the Shenyang WS-10.[12] Testing may have started as early as 2002; an image from the 2002 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition allegedly depicted a J-11 with one engine replaced with a WS-10.[13] WS-10 development proved difficult. One regiment converted to WS-10-powered J-11Bs in 2007, but was grounded for an extended period due to poor operational reliability.[14] The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the J-11B Block 02 aircraft,[15] and Jane's reported the J-11B as powered by the WS-10 in 2014.[16]

Operational history

PLAAF J-11Bs participated in Shaheen 1, a joint Sino-Pakistani exercise, in March 2011. This was the first time the PLAAF conducted "operational" aerial maneuvers in Pakistan with the PAF.[17]

P-8 interception

File:Chinese Shenyang J-11 from below in August 2014.JPG
A J-11BH with two PL-8 and two PL-12 missiles as seen from a P-8.

On 19 August 2014 a J-11B intercepted a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft that was over the South China Sea.[18]

The U.S. Department of Defense released details at a press conference on 22 August 2014 with Admiral John Kirby as spokesperson. According to Kirby, the incident occurred Script error: No such module "convert". east of Hainan Island, in international airspace. The Chinese jet "crossed under the aircraft with one pass having only 50–100 feet [[[:Template:Cvt]]] separation. The Chinese jet also passed the nose of the P-8 at 90 degrees with its belly toward the P-8 Poseidon, believed to be displaying its weapons load-out. Afterwards, the J-11 flew directly under and alongside the P-8, bringing their wingtips, as I said, to within 20 feet [[[:Template:Cvt]]]. And then conducted a roll over the P-8, passing within 45 feet [[[:Template:Cvt]]]." He said the "unprofessional" and "unsafe" actions of the Chinese pilot was "not keeping with the kind of military-to-military relationship" the U.S. sought to establish with China. An official complaint was sent to China through regular diplomatic channels.[19][20] The Pentagon commented further that: "Military activities may be conducted within the Exclusive Economic Zone of another nation as an exercise of the freedoms of navigation and overflight."[18]

In response, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesman Yang Yujun said that the U.S. criticisms were "totally groundless" as the Chinese pilot professionally maintained a safe distance. Furthermore, he blamed the "massive and frequent close-in surveillance" by the U.S. as the root cause, and called for the end of surveillance flights to improve bilateral military ties.[21]

Variants

  • J-11: License-produced Su-27UBKs from Russian-provided kits.[2]
  • J-11A: J-11s produced with greater domestic content and improved avionics and cockpit displays. Some older J-11s and J-11As were upgraded to similar standard.[2]
  • J-11A MLU: J-11 mid-life upgrade program for the J-11A matching up to the J-11B standard, and includes improved avionics, such as missile approach warning system (MAWS), full glass cockpit, and new radar systems.[22]
  • Script error: No such module "anchor".J-11B (Flanker-L[23][24]): Chinese-developed variant with domestic subsystems[4] including Type 1493 radar and an added internal ECM system.[2] Block 02 was powered by Shenyang WS-10 turbofan.[15][16]
  • J-11BS (Flanker-L[23]): A twin-seat version of the J-11B.[8] In 2012, the number of J-11B and J-11BS in service was over 120.[25]
  • J-11BH: Naval version of the J-11B.[10][26] It was first sighted in May 2010.[10][27]
  • J-11BSH: Naval version of the J-11BS.[10][26]
  • J-11BG: Image first shown in September 2019 of an upgraded variant with light-grey radome.[28] Further information confirmed the existence of the J-11BG upgrade including AESA radar, avonics upgrade, helmet-mounted sight, and the capability to launch PL-10 and PL-15 missiles.[29]
  • J-11BGH: Upgrade of J-11BH, the naval version of the J-11BG.
  • J-11D: Variant possibly equipped with fixed electronically scanned array radar, IRST, and capability to fire heavier imaging/infrared (IIR) air-to-air missiles. The airframe makes greater use of composite materials, especially in the engine intakes, for lower radar observability. The wings have three hardpoints each. Unconfirmed reports claim it has a new fly-by-wire control system, glass cockpit, improved EW systems, and an improved version of the WS-10A engine,[30] called WS-10B.[31] Three prototypes were built between 2015 and 2016 with test flight conducted during the same period. The project was reportedly abandoned in favor of J-11BG upgrades for PLAAF and J-15B upgrades for PLANAF.[31]

Accidents and incidents

Operators

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Specifications (J-11A/J-11)

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

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  10. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Bibliography

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External links

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