Isotopes of ruthenium

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox ruthenium isotopes Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic masses ranging from Template:Val (87Ru) to Template:Val (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, except 94Ru (half-life: 51.8 minutes), 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours), and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.

Because of the very high volatility of ruthenium tetroxide (Template:Chem), ruthenium isotopes with relatively short half-life are considered the next most hazardous airborne isotopes, after iodine-131, in case of release by a nuclear accident.[1][2][3] The two most important isotopes of ruthenium so released are those with the longest half-life: 103Ru (39.26 days) and 106Ru (373.59 days).[2]

File:Ruthenium-96.png
Ruthenium-96

List of isotopes

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Isotopes table |-id=Ruthenium-85 | 85Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 84.96712(54)# | 1# ms

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| | | 3/2−# | | |-id=Ruthenium-86 | 86Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 85.95731(43)# | 50# ms

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| | | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-87 | 87Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 86.95091(43)# | 50# ms

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| | | 1/2−# | | |-id=Ruthenium-88 | rowspan=2|88Ru | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44 | rowspan=2|87.94166(32)# | rowspan=2|1.5(3) s | β+ (>96.4%) | 88Tc | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (<3.6%) | 87Mo |-id=Ruthenium-89 | rowspan=2|89Ru | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45 | rowspan=2|88.937338(26) | rowspan=2|1.32(3) s | β+ (96.7%) | 89Tc | rowspan=2|(9/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (3.1%) | 88Mo |-id=Ruthenium-90 | 90Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 89.9303444(40) | 11.7(9) s | β+ | 90Tc | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-91 | 91Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 90.9267415(24) | 8.0(4) s | β+ | 91Tc | (9/2+) | | |-id=Ruthenium-91m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 91mRu[n 1] | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | −340(500) keV | rowspan=2|7.6(8) s | β+ (>99.9%) | 91Tc | rowspan=2|(1/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (?%) | 90Mo |-id=Ruthenium-92 | 92Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 91.9202344(29) | 3.65(5) min | β+ | 92Tc | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-92m | style="text-indent:1em" | 92mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2833.9(18) keV | 100(8) ns | IT | 92Ru | (8+) | | |-id=Ruthenium-93 | 93Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 92.9171044(22) | 59.7(6) s | β+ | 93Tc | (9/2)+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-93m1 | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 93m1Ru | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 734.40(10) keV | rowspan=3|10.8(3) s | β+ (78.0%) | 93Tc | rowspan=3|(1/2)− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (22.0%) | 93Ru |- | β+, p (0.027%) | 92Mo |-id=Ruthenium-93m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 93m2Ru | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2082.5(9) keV | 2.30(7) μs | IT | 93Ru | (21/2)+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-94 | 94Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 93.9113429(34) | 51.8(6) min | β+ | 94Tc | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-94m | style="text-indent:1em" | 94mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2644.1(4) keV | 67.5(28) μs | IT | 94Ru | 8+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-95 | 95Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 94.910404(10) | 1.607(4) h | β+ | 95Tc | 5/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-96 | 96Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 52 | 95.90758891(18) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 2] | 0+ | 0.0554(14) | |-id=Ruthenium-97 | 97Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 53 | 96.9075458(30) | 2.8370(14) d | β+ | 97Tc | 5/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-98 | 98Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 54 | 97.9052867(69) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.0187(3) | |-id=Ruthenium-99 | 99Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 55 | 98.90593028(37) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1276(14) | |-id=Ruthenium-100 | 100Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 99.90421046(37) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.1260(7) | |-id=Ruthenium-101 | 101Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 57 | 100.90557309(44) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1706(2) | |-id=Ruthenium-101m | style="text-indent:1em" | 101mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 527.56(10) keV | 17.5(4) μs | IT | 101Ru | 11/2− | | |-id=Ruthenium-102 | 102Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 58 | 101.90434031(45) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.3155(14) | |-id=Ruthenium-103 | 103Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 59 | 102.90631485(47) | 39.245(8) d | β− | 103Rh | 3/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-103m | style="text-indent:1em" | 103mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 238.2(7) keV | 1.69(7) ms | IT | 103Ru | 11/2− | | |-id=Ruthenium-104 | 104Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 60 | 103.9054253(27) | colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.1862(27) | |-id=Ruthenium-105 | 105Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 61 | 104.9077455(27) | 4.439(11) h | β− | 105Rh | 3/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-105m | style="text-indent:1em" | 105mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20.606(14) keV | 340(15) ns | IT | 105Ru | 5/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-106 | 106Ru[n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 62 | 105.9073282(58) | 371.8(18) d | β− | 106Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-107 | 107Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 63 | 106.9099698(93) | 3.75(5) min | β− | 107Rh | (5/2)+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-108 | 108Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 64 | 107.9101858(93) | 4.55(5) min | β− | 108Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-109 | 109Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 65 | 108.9133237(96) | 34.4(2) s | β− | 109Rh | (5/2+) | | |-id=Ruthenium-109m | style="text-indent:1em" | 109mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 96.14(15) keV | 680(30) ns | IT | 109Ru | (5/2−) | | |-id=Ruthenium-110 | 110Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 66 | 109.9140385(96) | 12.04(17) s | β− | 110Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-111 | 111Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 67 | 110.917568(10) | 2.12(7) s | β− | 111Rh | 5/2+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-112 | 112Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 68 | 111.918807(10) | 1.75(7) s | β− | 112Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-113 | 113Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 69 | 112.922847(41) | 0.80(5) s | β− | 113Rh | (1/2+) | | |-id=Ruthenium-113m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 113mRu | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 131(33) keV | rowspan=2|510(30) ms | β− (?%) | 113Rh | rowspan=2|(7/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (?%) | 113Ru |-id=Ruthenium-114 | 114Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 70 | 113.9246144(38) | 0.54(3) s | β− | 114Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-115 | 115Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 71 | 114.929033(27) | 318(19) ms | β− | 115Rh | (1/2+) | | |-id=Ruthenium-115m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 115mRu | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 82(6) keV | rowspan=2|76(6) ms | β− (?%) | 115Rh | rowspan=2|(7/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (?%) | 115Ru |-id=Ruthenium-116 | 116Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 72 | 115.9312192(40) | 204(6) ms | β− | 116Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-117 | 117Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 73 | 116.93614(47) | 151(3) ms | β− | 117Rh | 3/2+# | | |-id=Ruthenium-117m | style="text-indent:1em" | 117mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.0(4) keV | 2.49(6) μs | IT | 117Ru | 7/2−# | | |-id=Ruthenium-118 | 118Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 117.93881(22)# | 99(3) ms | β− | 118Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-119 | 119Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 75 | 118.94409(32)# | 69.5(20) ms | β− | 119Rh | 3/2+# | | |-id=Ruthenium-119m | style="text-indent:1em" | 119mRu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 227.1(7) keV | 384(22) ns | IT | 119Ru | | | |-id=Ruthenium-120 | 120Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 76 | 119.94662(43)# | 45(2) ms | β− | 120Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-121 | 121Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 77 | 120.95210(43)# | 29(2) ms | β− | 121Rh | 3/2+# | | |-id=Ruthenium-122 | 122Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 78 | 121.95515(54)# | 25(1) ms | β− | 122Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-123 | 123Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 79 | 122.96076(54)# | 19(2) ms | β− | 123Rh | 3/2+# | | |-id=Ruthenium-124 | 124Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 80 | 123.96394(64)# | 15(3) ms | β− | 124Rh | 0+ | | |-id=Ruthenium-125 | 125Ru | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 81 | 124.96954(32)# | 12# ms

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| | | 3/2+# | | Template:Isotopes table/footer

Alleged ruthenium-106 leak

In September 2017 an estimated amount of 100 to 300 TBq (0.3 to 1 g) of 106Ru was released in Russia, probably in the Ural region. It was, after ruling out release from a reentering satellite, concluded that the source was either in nuclear fuel cycle facilities or radioactive source production. In France levels up to 0.036mBq/m3 of air were measured. It was estimated that for distances of the order of a few tens of kilometres, contamination levels may have exceeded the limits for non-dairy foodstuffs.[4]

See also

Daughter products other than ruthenium

References

Template:Reflist

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  1. ↑ Ronneau, C., Cara, J., & Rimski-Korsakov, A. (1995). Oxidation-enhanced emission of ruthenium from nuclear fuel. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 26(1), 63-70.
  2. ↑ a b Backman, U., Lipponen, M., Auvinen, A., Jokiniemi, J., & Zilliacus, R. (2004). Ruthenium behaviour in severe nuclear accident conditions. Final report (No. NKS–100). Nordisk Kernesikkerhedsforskning.
  3. ↑ Beuzet, E., Lamy, J. S., Perron, H., Simoni, E., & Ducros, G. (2012). Ruthenium release modelling in air and steam atmospheres under severe accident conditions using the MAAP4 codeTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 246, 157-162.
  4. ↑ [1] Detection of ruthenium 106 in France and in Europe, IRSN France (9 Nov 2017)


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