Isotopes of bromine
Template:Short description Template:Infobox bromine isotopes Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.
Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters 75Br and 76Br can be used for positron emission tomography.[1][2] Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.[3]
List of isotopes
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Template:Isotopes table
|-id=Bromine-68
| 68Br[4]
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 33
| 67.95836(28)#
| ~35 ns
| p?
| 67Se
| 3+#
|
|
|-id=Bromine-69
| 69Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 68.950338(45)
| <19 ns[4]
| p
| 68Se
| (5/2−)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-70
| rowspan=2|70Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2|69.944792(16)
| rowspan=2|78.8(3) ms
| β+
| 70Se
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p?
| 69As
|-id=Bromine-70m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 70mBr
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2292.3(8) keV
| rowspan=2|2.16(5) s
| β+
| 70Se
| rowspan=2|9+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p?
| 69As
|-id=Bromine-71
| 71Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 70.9393422(58)
| 21.4(6) s
| β+
| 71Se
| (5/2)−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-72
| 72Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 71.9365946(11)
| 78.6(24) s
| β+
| 72Se
| 1+
|
|
|-id=Bromine-72m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 72mBr
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100.76(15) keV
| rowspan=2|10.6(3) s
| IT
| 72Br
| rowspan=2|(3−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+?
| 72Se
|-id=Bromine-73
| 73Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 72.9316734(72)
| 3.4(2) min
| β+
| 73Se
| 1/2−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-74
| 74Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 73.9299103(63)
| 25.4(3) min
| β+
| 74Se
| (0−)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-74m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 74mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.58(21) keV
| 46(2) min
| β+
| 74Se
| 4+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|75Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 40
| rowspan=2|74.9258106(46)
| rowspan=2|96.7(13) min
| β+ (76%)[3]
| 75Se
| rowspan=2|3/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| EC (24%)
| 75Se
|-
| rowspan=2|76Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2|75.924542(10)
| rowspan=2|16.2(2) h
| β+ (57%)[3]
| 76Se
| rowspan=2|1−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| EC (43%)
| 76Se
|-id=Bromine-76m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 76mBr
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 102.58(3) keV
| rowspan=2|1.31(2) s
| IT (>99.4%)
| 76Br
| rowspan=2|(4)+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (<0.6%)
| 76Se
|-
| rowspan=2|77Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
| rowspan=2|76.9213792(30)
| rowspan=2|57.04(12) h
| EC (99.3%)[5]
| 77Se
| rowspan=2|3/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (0.7%)
| 77Se
|-id=Bromine-77m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 77mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 105.86(8) keV
| 4.28(10) min
| IT
| 77Br
| 9/2+
|
|
|-id=Bromine-78
| rowspan=2|78Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
| rowspan=2|77.9211459(38)
| rowspan=2|6.45(4) min
| β+ (>99.99%)
| 78Se
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (<0.01%)
| 78Kr
|-id=Bromine-78m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 78mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180.89(13) keV
| 119.4(10) μs
| IT
| 78Br
| (4+)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-79
| 79Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 78.9183376(11)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 3/2−
| 0.5065(9)
|
|-id=Bromine-79m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 79mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 207.61(9) keV
| 4.85(4) s
| IT
| 79Br
| 9/2+
|
|
|-id=Bromine-80
| rowspan=2|80Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
| rowspan=2|79.9185298(11)
| rowspan=2|17.68(2) min
| β− (91.7%)
| 80Kr
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (8.3%)
| 80Se
|-id=Bromine-80m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 80mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 85.843(4) keV
| 4.4205(8) h
| IT
| 80Br
| 5−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-81
| 81Br[n 1]
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 80.9162882(10)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 3/2−
| 0.4935(9)
|
|-id=Bromine-81m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 81mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 536.20(9) keV
| 34.6(28) μs
| IT
| 81Br
| 9/2+
|
|
|-id=Bromine-82
| 82Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 81.9168018(10)
| 35.282(7) h
| β−
| 82Kr
| 5−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-82m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 82mBr
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.9492(10) keV
| rowspan=2|6.13(5) min
| IT (97.6%)
| 82Br
| rowspan=2|2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (2.4%)
| 82Kr
|-id=Bromine-83
| 83Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 82.9151753(41)
| 2.374(4) h
| β−
| 83Kr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-83m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 83mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3069.2(4) keV
| 729(77) ns
| IT
| 83Br
| (19/2−)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-84
| 84Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 49
| 83.9165136(17)[6]
| 31.76(8) min
| β−
| 84Kr
| 2−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-84m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | 84m1Br
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 193.6(15) keV[6]
| 6.0(2) min
| β−
| 84Kr
| (6)−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-84m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | 84m2Br
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 408.2(4) keV
| <140 ns
| IT
| 84Br
| 1+
|
|
|-id=Bromine-85
| 85Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 84.9156458(33)
| 2.90(6) min
| β−
| 85Kr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-id=Bromine-86
| 86Br
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 85.9188054(33)
| 55.1(4) s
| β−
| 86Kr
| (1−)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-87
| rowspan=2|87Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
| rowspan=2|86.9206740(34)
| rowspan=2|55.68(12) s
| β− (97.40%)
| 87Kr
| rowspan=2|5/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (2.60%)
| 86Kr
|-id=Bromine-88
| rowspan=2|88Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
| rowspan=2|87.9240833(34)
| rowspan=2|16.34(8) s
| β− (93.42%)
| 88Kr
| rowspan=2|(1−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (6.58%)
| 87Kr
|-id=Bromine-88m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 88mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270.17(11) keV
| 5.51(4) μs
| IT
| 88Br
| (4−)
|
|
|-id=Bromine-89
| rowspan=2|89Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
| rowspan=2|88.9267046(35)
| rowspan=2|4.357(22) s
| β− (86.2%)
| 89Kr
| rowspan=2|(3/2−, 5/2−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (13.8%)
| 88Kr
|-id=Bromine-90
| rowspan=2|90Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
| rowspan=2|89.9312928(36)
| rowspan=2|1.910(10) s
| β− (74.7%)
| 90Kr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (25.3%)
| 89Kr
|-id=Bromine-91
| rowspan=2|91Br
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
| rowspan=2|90.9343986(38)
| rowspan=2|543(4) ms
| β− (70.5%)
| 91Kr
| rowspan=2|5/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (29.5%)
| 90Kr
|-id=Bromine-92
| rowspan=3|92Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
| rowspan=3|91.9396316(72)
| rowspan=3|314(16) ms
| β− (66.9%)
| 92Kr
| rowspan=3|(2−)
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n (33.1%)
| 91Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 90Kr
|-id=Bromine-92m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Br
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 662(1) keV
| 88(8) ns
| IT
| 92Br
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-92m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Br
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1138(1) keV
| 85(10) ns
| IT
| 92Br
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-93
| rowspan=3|93Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
| rowspan=3|92.94322(46)
| rowspan=3|152(8) ms
| β−, n (64%)
| 92Kr
| rowspan=3|5/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β− (36%)
| 93Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 91Kr
|-id=Bromine-94
| rowspan=3|94Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
| rowspan=3|93.94885(22)#
| rowspan=3|70(20) ms
| β−, n (68%)
| 93Kr
| rowspan=3|2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β− (32%)
| 94Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 92Kr
|-id=Bromine-94m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 94mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 294.6(5) keV
| 530(15) ns
| IT
| 94Br
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-95
| rowspan=3|95Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60
| rowspan=3|94.95293(32)#
| rowspan=3|80# ms [>300 ns]
| β−?
| 95Kr
| rowspan=3|5/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n?
| 94Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 93Kr
|-id=Bromine-95m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 95mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 537.9(5) keV
| 6.8(10) μs
| IT
| 95Br
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-96
| rowspan=3|96Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
| rowspan=3|95.95898(32)#
| rowspan=3|20# ms [>300 ns]
| β−?
| 96Kr
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n?
| 95Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 94Kr
|-id=Bromine-96m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 96mBr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.5(5) keV
| 3.0(9) μs
| IT
| 96Br
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-97
| rowspan=3|97Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62
| rowspan=3|96.96350(43)#
| rowspan=3|40# ms [>300 ns]
| β−?
| 97Kr
| rowspan=3|5/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n?
| 96Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 95Kr
|-id=Bromine-98
| rowspan=3|98Br
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
| rowspan=3|97.96989(43)#
| rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns]
| β−?
| 98Kr
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n?
| 97Kr
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 96Kr
|-id=Bromine-99
| 99Br[7]
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 64
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-100
| 100Br[7]
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 65
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-id=Bromine-101
| 101Br[8]
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| style="text-align:right" | 66
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Template:Isotopes table/footer
Bromine-75
Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes.[9] This isotope undergoes β+ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time,[3] so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s.[1] However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.[3][1]
Bromine-76
Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours.[9] While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays),[3] bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.[2]
Bromine-77
Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours.[9] Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture.[5] Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV,[10] 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s.[11] However, except for longer-term tracing,[3] this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay.[11] The Auger electrons emitted during decay are nevertheless well-suited for radiotherapy, and 77Br can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.[1][11]
See also
Daughter products other than bromine
References
- Isotope masses from:
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
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