Isotopes of berkelium

Template:Short description Template:Infobox berkelium isotopes Berkelium (₉₇Bk) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴³Bk in 1949. There are nineteen known radioisotopes, from ²³³Bk to ²⁵³Bk (except ²³⁵Bk and ²³⁷Bk), and seven nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope known is ²⁴⁷Bk with a half-life of 1,380 years; however ²⁴⁸Bk, which has not been observed to decay, may live longer.

List of isotopes

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Template:Isotopes table |-id=Berkelium-233 | rowspan=2|²³³Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136 | rowspan=2|233.05665(25)# | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | α (82%) | ²²⁹Am | rowspan=2|3/2−# |- | β⁺? (18%) | ²³³Cm |-id=Berkelium-234 | rowspan=2|²³⁴Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137 | rowspan=2|234.05732(16)# | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | α (>80%) | ²³⁰Am | rowspan=2|3−# |- | β⁺ (<20%) | ²³⁴Cm |-id=Berkelium-236 | rowspan=2|²³⁶Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 139 | rowspan=2|236.05748(39)# | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ (99.96%) | ²³⁶Cm | rowspan=2|4+# |- | β⁺, SF (0.04%) | (various) |-id=Berkelium-238 | rowspan=2|²³⁸Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 141 | rowspan=2|238.05820(28)# | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ (99.95%) | ²³⁸Cm | rowspan=2| 1# |- | β⁺, SF (0.048%) | (various) |-id=Berkelium-239 | ²³⁹Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 142 | 239.05824(22)# | 100# s | β⁺ | ²³⁹Cm | (7/2+) |-id=Berkelium-240 | rowspan=3|²⁴⁰Bk | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 143 | rowspan=3|240.05976(16)# | rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺? | ²⁴⁰Cm | rowspan=3|7−# |- | α? | ²³⁶Am |- | β⁺, SF (0.0013%) | (various) |-id=Berkelium-241 | ²⁴¹Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 144 | 241.06010(18)# | Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ | ²⁴¹Cm | (7/2+) |-id=Berkelium-242 | rowspan=2|²⁴²Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 145 | rowspan=2|242.06200(14)# | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ | ²⁴²Cm | rowspan=2|3+# |- | β⁺, SF (<3×10⁻⁵%) | (various) |-id=Berkelium-242m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^242mBk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2000(200)# keV | Script error: No such module "val". | SF | (various) | |-id=Berkelium-243 | rowspan=2|²⁴³Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 146 | rowspan=2|243.063006(5) | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ (99.85%) | ²⁴³Cm | rowspan=2|3/2− |- | α (0.15%) | ²³⁹Am |-id=Berkelium-244 | rowspan=2|²⁴⁴Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 147 | rowspan=2|244.065179(15) | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺? (99.994%) | ²⁴⁴Cm | rowspan=2|4− |- | α (0.006%) | ²⁴⁰Am |-id=Berkelium-244m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^244mBk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1500(500)# keV | Script error: No such module "val". | SF | (various) | |-id=Berkelium-245 | rowspan=2|²⁴⁵Bk | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 148 | rowspan=2|245.0663598(19) | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "val". | EC (99.88%) | ²⁴⁵Cm | rowspan=2|3/2− |- | α (0.12%) | ²⁴¹Am |-id=Berkelium-246 | ²⁴⁶Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 149 | 246.06867(6) | Script error: No such module "val". | β⁺ | ²⁴⁶Cm | 2(−) |-id=Berkelium-247 | ²⁴⁷Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 150 | 247.070306(6) | Script error: No such module "val". | α | ²⁴³Am | 3/2− |-id=Berkelium-248 | rowspan=3|²⁴⁸Bk | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 151 | rowspan=3|248.07314(5) | rowspan=3|>9 y | α? | ²⁴⁴Am | rowspan=3|6+# |- | EC? | ²⁴⁸Cm |- | β⁻? | ²⁴⁸Cf |-id=Berkelium-248m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^248mBk^{[n 1]}Template:R/superscript | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | −20(50) keV | rowspan=2| 23.7(2) h | β⁻ (70%) | ²⁴⁸Cf | rowspan=2| 1(−) |- | EC (30%) | ²⁴⁸Cm |-id=Berkelium-249 | rowspan=3|²⁴⁹Bk | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 152 | rowspan=3|249.0749831(13) | rowspan=3|Script error: No such module "val". | β⁻ | ²⁴⁹Cf | rowspan=3|7/2+ |- | α (0.00145%) | ²⁴⁵Am |- | SF (4.7×10⁻⁸%) | (various) |-id=Berkelium-249m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^249mBk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8.777(14) keV | Script error: No such module "val". | IT | ²⁴⁹Bk | 3/2− |-id=Berkelium-250 | ²⁵⁰Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 153 | 250.078317(3) | Script error: No such module "val". | β⁻ | ²⁵⁰Cf | 2− |-id=Berkelium-250m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^250m1Bk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 35.59(10) keV | Script error: No such module "val". | IT | ²⁵⁰Bk | 4+ |-id=Berkelium-250m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^250m2Bk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 85.6(16) keV | Script error: No such module "val". | IT | ²⁵⁰Bk | 7+ |-id=Berkelium-251 | ²⁵¹Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 154 | 251.080761(12) | Script error: No such module "val". | β⁻ | ²⁵¹Cf | (3/2−) |-id=Berkelium-251m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^251mBk | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 35.5(13) keV | Script error: No such module "val". | IT | ²⁵¹Bk | (7/2+) |-id=Berkelium-252 | ²⁵²Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 155 | 252.08431(22)# | Script error: No such module "val". | β⁻ | ²⁵²Cf | |-id=Berkelium-253 | ²⁵³Bk | style="text-align:right" | 97 | style="text-align:right" | 156 | 253.08688(39)# | 60# min | β⁻? | ²⁵³Cf | 3/2-# Template:Isotopes table/footer

Actinides vs fission products

<templatestyles src="Navbar-header/styles.css"/> Actinides and fission products by half-life Script error: No such module "navbar".
Actinides^[1] by decay chain				Half-life range (a)	Fission products of ²³⁵U by yield^[2]
4n	4n + 1	4n + 2	4n + 3	Half-life range (a)	4.5–7%	0.04–1.25%	<0.001%
²²⁸Ra^№				4–6 a		¹⁵⁵Eu^þ
²⁴⁸Bk^[3]				> 9 a
²⁴⁴Cm^ƒ	²⁴¹Pu^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cf	²²⁷Ac^№	10–29 a	⁹⁰Sr	⁸⁵Kr	^113mCd^þ
²³²U^ƒ		²³⁸Pu^ƒ	²⁴³Cm^ƒ	29–97 a	¹³⁷Cs	¹⁵¹Sm^þ	^121mSn
	²⁴⁹Cf^ƒ	^242mAm^ƒ		141–351 a	No fission products have a half-life in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...
	²⁴¹Am^ƒ		²⁵¹Cf^ƒ^[4]	430–900 a
		²²⁶Ra^№	²⁴⁷Bk	1.3–1.6 ka
²⁴⁰Pu	²²⁹Th	²⁴⁶Cm^ƒ	²⁴³Am^ƒ	4.7–7.4 ka
	²⁴⁵Cm^ƒ	²⁵⁰Cm		8.3–8.5 ka
			²³⁹Pu^ƒ	24.1 ka
		²³⁰Th^№	²³¹Pa^№	32–76 ka
²³⁶Np^ƒ	²³³U^ƒ	²³⁴U^№		150–250 ka	⁹⁹Tc^₡	¹²⁶Sn
²⁴⁸Cm		²⁴²Pu		327–375 ka		⁷⁹Se^₡
				1.33 Ma	¹³⁵Cs^₡
	²³⁷Np^ƒ			1.61–6.5 Ma	⁹³Zr	¹⁰⁷Pd
²³⁶U			²⁴⁷Cm^ƒ	15–24 Ma		¹²⁹I^₡
²⁴⁴Pu				80 Ma	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[5]
²³²Th^№		²³⁸U^№	²³⁵U^ƒ№	0.7–14.1 Ga	... nor beyond 15.7 Ma^[5]
Template:Ubli

References

↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
↑ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
↑ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of ²³²Th; e.g., while ^113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of ¹¹³Cd is eight quadrillion years.

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Isotope masses from:
- Template:NUBASE 2003
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

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[2] Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.

[3] Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.

[4] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."

[5] This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".

[6] Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of ²³²Th; e.g., while ^113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of ¹¹³Cd is eight quadrillion years.

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Isotopes of berkelium

List of isotopes

Actinides vs fission products

References

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