Inland Gulf languages
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
The Inland Gulf languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The unity of the languages was established by K. Franklin in 1969. Although the family as a whole is clearly valid, Ipiko is quite distinct from the other languages.
Languages
- Inland Gulf family
- Ipiko language
- Minanibai branch: Minanibai (Foia Foia), Mubami (Tao), Ukusi-Koparamio Hoia Hoia – Matakaia Hoia Hoia
Karami was once included, due to a large number of loanwords from Minanibai, but is best left unclassified for now.
Mahigi is also included by Pawley and Hammarström (2018).[1]
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
*m *n *p *t *k *b *d *g *ɸ *s *w [*ɾ] *j *ɣ̃
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns
The pronouns are:[2]
sg pl 1 *no *ni 2 *ɣ̃o *jo 3m *ete *eti 3f *etu
Evolution
Inland Gulf reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[1]
- Hoia Hoia, Mubami, Ipiko de ‘tree’ < *inda
- Hoia Hoia mo’noto, Ipiko manoto ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a] ‘mouth, teeth’
- Mubami mo’moʔo, Hoiahoia mo’mo:ko ‘seed’ < *maŋgV
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b New Guinea World, Inland Gulf
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Inland Gulf