Imperial Munitions Board

File:Women in the production of munitions in Canada (1916) (14597849527).jpg

Women involved in the production of munitions (1916)

The Imperial Munitions Board (IMB) was the Canadian branch of the British Ministry of Munitions, set up in Canada under the chairmanship of Joseph Wesley Flavelle. It was formed by the British War Cabinet to alleviate the Shell Crisis of 1915 during the First World War. The Board was mandated to arrange for the manufacture of war materials in Canada on behalf of the British government.

It was the general and exclusive purchasing agent on behalf of the War Office, the Admiralty, the British Timber Controller, the Department of Aeronautics and the Ministry of Munitions, and also acted as an agent for the United States Ordnance Department.Template:Sfn

History and organization

File:Trenton Ontario from the Air (HS85-10-36555).jpg

Trenton plant seen from the air in 1919.

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, the War Office approached the Canadian Department of Militia and Defence as to the possibility of supplying shells.Template:Sfn Its Minister, Sam Hughes, appointed a Shell Committee in September 1914 to act on the War Office's behalf.Template:Sfn The following were its members:

Shell Committee membershipTemplate:Sfn

Class	Members of the Shell Committee
Initial appointments	General Bertram, ChairmanTemplate:Efn Lieutenant Colonel Geo. W. WattsTemplate:Efn Colonel Thos. CantleyTemplate:Efn
Later members	E. CarnegieTemplate:Efn Colonel C. Greville-HarstonTemplate:Efn Lieutenant Colonel F.D. Lafferty, Superintendent, Dominion Arsenal, Quebec Colonel T. Benson, Master General of Ordnance Colonel David Carnegie, Ordnance AdviserTemplate:Efn J.W. Borden, Chief Accountant for the Department

When the contracts became mired in political patronage that led to profiteering,Template:Efn David Lloyd George sent Lord Rhondda to Canada to investigate. Lionel HitchensTemplate:Efn and R.H. Brand then came over and approached Joseph Wesley Flavelle to help form the IMB, and this move received the approval of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden. In December 1915, the following were appointed:

IMB OrganizationTemplate:Sfn

Class	Members of the Board	Purchasing Agent
Initial appointments	J.W. Flavelle, Chairman C.B. Gordon, Vice-ChairmanTemplate:Efn Colonel D. Carnegie J.F. PerryTemplate:Efn Template:IllTemplate:Efn E.R. WoodTemplate:Efn	E. Fitzgerald
Later appointments	Brigadier General Alex Bertram, Vice-Chairman R.H. BrandTemplate:Efn Brigadier General W.E. EdwardsTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn	A.G. Woodhouse

As Chairman, Flavelle had full administrative and executive authority.Template:Sfn The Board operated through twenty departments, of which the most important were Purchasing and Steel, Shipbuilding, Explosives, Forging, Aviation, Timber, Fuze and Engineering.Template:Sfn

As certain shell manufacture contracts had been granted to persons that did not even have workshops, their holders were given deadlines to either start manufacturing them or forfeit the contracts. This led to political controversy later on, as the losers started to falsely accuse Flavelle of profiteering as well, because of his connection to the meat packing business.

Scope

In a 1917 address, Carnegie reported that the Board was then dealing with 650 factories in 144 towns, stretching from Halifax to Victoria.Template:Sfn By 1918, the extent of its acquisition of lumber required the operation of 67 logging camps in British Columbia.Template:Sfn The British Government was responsible for all its expenditure.Template:Sfn

The British War Cabinet also noted the extent of Canada's war production in 1918:

Because the private sector was unwilling or unable to operate in certain fields, the Board established seven "National plants" for the production of explosives and propellants, and one for the manufacture of airplanes.Template:Sfn The Board also oversaw the production of ships and aircraft.

It also formed several subsidiaries to perform several of the manufacturing functions, which were spread across Canada. These included:

IMB National Plants

CompanyTemplate:Efn	Location		Function	Extent
Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd.	Wallace Emerson, Toronto, Ontario		Production of the JN-4(Can) Canuck, the Felixstowe F5L flying boat, and the Avro 504.	The factory had of floor space, and its construction took only 2.5 months to complete.Template:Sfn
British Cordite Ltd.	Nobel, OntarioTemplate:Efn		Production of cordite.	The site covered and had 155 buildings.
British Chemical Co. Ltd.	Trenton, OntarioTemplate:Efn		Production of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, pyro-cotton, nitrocellulose powder and TNT.	The plant covered and contained 204 buildings, and at the time was the largest ammunition factory in the British Empire.
British Forgings Ltd.	Ashbridge's Bay, Toronto, OntarioTemplate:Efn		Recycling of light steel turnings which arose from shell production, through melting down and recasting into ingots.Template:Sfn	The site covered , on land leased from the Toronto Harbour Commission, and was at the time the world's largest electrical steel plant.Template:Sfn
British Munitions Supply Co. Ltd.	Verdun, Quebec		Assembly of fuses.	Colloquially known as "La Poudrière", the plant had 4000 (almost exclusively female) employees that assembled eight million fuses.
Energite Explosives Co. Ltd.	Haileybury, OntarioTemplate:Efn		Loading and assembling operations on 18-pounder British shrapnel shells.	The operation had 800 employees and produced eight million completed rounds of ammunition.

When the Montreal Gazette profiled the War Toronto on its first visit to Montreal, on April 30, 1919, they described her as the last of 46 vessels built for the Imperial Munitions Board.

The IMB was dissolved in 1919. The process began immediately after the Armistice, when the Ministry of Munitions directed that it would be implemented through the following stages:Template:Sfn

1. Production of all shells and explosives would cease immediately.
2. Gradually cease the production of items no longer required by the Government but which may be useful elsewhere (ie, metals and other materials).
3. Maintain contracts for articles still likely to be required (ie, commercial lumber and ships).

Impact

When contracting was transferred from the Shell Committee to the IMB, Flavelle decided that fair wage clauses would not be inserted into future contracts that were granted, although British and Canadian authorities did not object to continuing the prior practice.Template:Sfn As the IMB was a British agency, its activities with respect to labour relations did not fall under federal jurisdiction until the passage of an order in council in March 1916 that extended the application of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907,Template:Sfn but Flavelle's opposition continued.Template:Sfn This had the effect of disrupting relations with the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada,Template:Sfn which would lead to the outbreak of strikes in 1918 and massive labour confrontations in 1919.Template:Sfn

Further reading

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