Immigration to Spain
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Immigration to Spain increased significantly at the beginning of the 21st century. In 1998, immigrants accounted for 1.6% of the population, and by 2009, that number had risen to over 12%. Until 2014, the number of immigrants decreased due to the economic crisis, but since 2015, immigration to Spain has been on the rise,[2] especially after 2021, reaching 19.32% of the population today.[3]
As of 2025, there were 9,379,972 foreign-born people in Spain, making up to 19.11% of the population, including 5,308,314 (11.14%) born in a non-European country. Of these 6,852,348 (13.96%) did not have Spanish citizenship.[4] This makes Spain the 4th country in Europe by immigration numbers and the 10th worldwide. Spain attracts significant immigration from Latin America and Eastern Europe. The fastest-growing immigrant groups in 2017 were Venezuelans, Colombians, Italians, Ukrainians, and Argentines.[5]
During the early 21st century, the average year-on-year demographic growth set a new record with its 2003 peak variation of 2.1%, doubling the previous record reached in the 1960s when a mean year-on-year growth of 1% was experienced.[6] In 2005 alone, the immigrant population of Spain increased by 700,000 people.[7]
Spain accepted 478,990 new immigrant residents in just the first six months of 2022 alone. During these months, 220,443 people also emigrated from Spain, leaving a record-breaking net migration figure of 258,547.[8] More women than men chose to move to Spain during 2022; this is due to higher rates of emigration from Latin America.[8]
Currently
| Foreign population in Spain[9][10][11] | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | % total | |||||||||||||||||
| 1981 | 198,042 | 0.52% | |||||||||||||||||
| 1986 | 241,971 | 0.63% | |||||||||||||||||
| 1991 | 360,655 | 0.91% | |||||||||||||||||
| 1996 | 542,314 | 1.37% | |||||||||||||||||
| 1998 | 637,085 | 1.60% | |||||||||||||||||
| 1999 | 748,954 | 1.86% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2000 | 923,879 | 2.28% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2001 | 1,370,657 | 3.33% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2002 | 1,977,946 | 4.73% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2003 | 2,664,168 | 6.24% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2004 | 3,034,326 | 7.02% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2005 | 3,730,610 | 8.46% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2006 | 4,144,166 | 9.27% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2007 | 4,519,554 | 9.9% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2008 | 5,268,762 | 11.4% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2009 | 5,648,671 | 12.1% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 5,747,734 | 12.2% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2011 | 5,751,487 | 12.2% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2012 | 5,736,258 | 12.1% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2013 | 5,546,238 | 11.8% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2014 | 5,023,487 | 10.7% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 4,729,644 | 10.1% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2016 | 4,618,581 | 9.9% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 4,572,807 | 9.8% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 4,663,726 | 10.0% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 5,023,279 | 10.7% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 5,434,153 | 11.5% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 5,440,148 | 11.5% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 5,542,932 | 11.7% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 6,089,620 | 12.7% | |||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | 6,735,487 | 13.8% | |||||||||||||||||
According to the United Nations, there were 5,947,106 immigrants in Spain in early 2018, 12.8% of the population of Spain.[12] According to the Spanish government, there were 5.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2010; independent estimates put the figure 14% of total population (Red Cross, World Disasters Report 2006). According to the official 2011 census data, almost 800,000 were Romanian, 774,000 were Moroccan, 317,000 were Ecuadorian, 312,000 were British and 250,000 were Colombian [11]. Other important foreign communities are Bolivian (4.1%), German (3.4%), Italian (3.1%), Bulgarian (2.9%), Chinese (2.6%) and Argentine (2.5%). In 2005, a regularization programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half of the replacement level.
According to Eurostat, in 2010, there were 6.4 million foreign-born residents in Spain, corresponding to 14.0% of the total population. Of these, 4.1 million (8.9%) were born outside the EU and 2.3 million (5.1%) were born in another EU Member State.[13]
As of 2005 Spain had the second highest immigration rates within the EU, just after Cyprus, and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the USA).[14]
Over 920,000 immigrants arrived in Spain during 2007, in addition to 802,971 in 2006, 682,711 in 2005, and 645,844 in 2004.[15]
For nationalities outside of this category,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". in order to stay in Spain for more than 3 months, a residence card, residence visa or work permit is required.[16]
Two distinct groups can be identified: those immigrants (mostly in working age) originating from countries mostly located in Eastern Europe, South America or Africa, with lower purchasing power than Spain, comprising most of the immigrating population, and those (of whom many are retired) originating from northern European or other western countries with a higher GDP per capita than Spain.[17]
Immigrants from Europe
Immigrants from Europe make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain. The main countries of origin are Romania, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria.
The British authorities estimate that the real population of British citizens living in Spain is much bigger than Spanish official figures suggest, establishing them at about 1,000,000, about 800,000 being permanent residents.[18] Of these, according to the BBC and contrary to popular belief, only about 21.5% are over the age of 65.[19]
In fact, according to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering to move from their own country elsewhere in the EU.[20]
Social attitudes to immigration
Unlike other countries in the EU, Spain has not recorded any relevant anti-immigration about until fairly recently.[21] According to some analysts, the causes behind this are multiple. Drawing from the experience of many Spaniards during the 1960s and then again in the beginning of the 21st century when the crisis struck the country, there may be also a collective understanding that hardships force people to seek work abroad.[21]
A January 2004 survey by Spanish newspaper El País showed that the "majority" of Spaniards believe immigration was too high.[22] Small parties, such as Movimiento Social Español, openly campaign using nationalist or anti-immigrant rhetoric as do other small far-right parties such as National Democracy (Spain) and España 2000. These parties have never won national or regional parliamentary seats. However, while the far-right political party Vox has gained headlines for favouring tough stance against immigration, commentators have suggested that this has not translated into electoral success for them.[23][24]
According to an October 2024 survey for the El País newspaper and Cadena SER radio station, 57% of Spaniards believe there is "too much" immigration to Spain.[25]
Immigration by country of origin
Population by country of birth as of 31 December 2024:[26]
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Recent trends
| Country | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| MoroccoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Morocco | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| ColombiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Colombia | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| United KingdomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". United Kingdom | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| RomaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Romania | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| HondurasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Honduras | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| ItalyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Italy | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| PeruScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Peru | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| ArgentinaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Argentina | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| BrazilScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Brazil | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". France | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| EcuadorScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ecuador | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| CubaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Cuba | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". United States | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| GermanyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Germany | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| ChinaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". China | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| NicaraguaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Nicaragua | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Dominican RepublicScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Dominican Republic | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Total | 414,746 | 532,132 | 643,684 | 748,759 |
| Place of Birth | Year | |
|---|---|---|
| 2011[28][29] | ||
| Number | % | |
| Place of Birth in Reporting Country (Spain) | 41,153,550 | |
| Place of Birth Not in Reporting Country | 5,648,995 | |
| Other EU Member State | 1,890,605 | |
| Outside EU but within Europe | 239,880 | |
| Outside Europe/ Non-European | 3,758,390 | |
| Africa | 945,905 | |
| Asia | 259,345 | |
| North America | 41,220 | |
| Caribbean, South or Central America | 2,265,685 | |
| Oceania | 6,360 | |
| Total | 46,815,910 | 100% |
| Foreign Population by Nationality[30] | Number | % |
| 2022 | ||
| TOTAL FOREIGNERS | 5,542,932 | |
| EUROPE | 2,205,961 | |
| EUROPEAN UNION | 1,617,911 | |
| OTHER EUROPE | 588,050 | |
| AFRICA | 1,217,706 | |
| SOUTH AMERICA | 1,173,900 | |
| CENTRAL AMERICA | 368,461 | |
| NORTH AMERICA | 76,628 | |
| ASIA | 493,065 | |
| OCEANIA | 3,580 | |
| Instituto Nacional de Estadística | ||
Major immigration
This chart shows the numbers and difference of foreign nationals in Spain after 2000. European Union member states are indicated with the EU flag in regional European sub-divisions. The number of Latin American immigrants decreased massively after 2009 mostly due to the naturalization of hundreds of thousands of these citizens who achieved the Spanish citizenship and therefore do not count as immigrants anymore on the official statistics.[31] See the chart from below from the "Naturalizations" paragraph for further information.
From other countries
Europe
European Union member states are indicated with the EU flag in regional European sub-divisions.
| Origin | 2007 | 2006 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
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| Rest of European countries | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | |
| TOTAL EUROPE | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
Africa
| Origin | 2007 | 2006 | Article |
|---|---|---|---|
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| Script error: No such module "flag". | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | |
| Script error: No such module "flag". | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Egyptians in Spain |
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| Script error: No such module "flag". | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Spanish Equatoguineans |
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| Script error: No such module "flag". | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | Tunisians in Spain |
| Rest of African countries | Template:Nts | Template:Nts | |
| TOTAL | Template:Nts |
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Central America
North America
| Origin | 2007 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagicon Canada | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Template:Flagicon United States | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Template:Flagicon Mexico | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| TOTAL | Template:Nts |
Asia
Oceania
| Origin | 2007 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Flagicon Australia | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Template:Flagicon New Zealand | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| Rest of Oceanian countries | Template:Nts | Template:Nts |
| TOTAL | Template:Nts |
Comparison with other countries from European Union
According to Eurostat 47.3 million people lived in the European Union in 2010 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million).[13]
| Country | Total population (millions) | Total Foreign-born (millions) | % | Born in other EU state (millions) | % | Born in a non EU state (millions) | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 81.802 | 9.812 | 12.0 | 3.396 | 4.2 | 6.415 | 7.8 |
| France | 64.716 | 7.196 | 11.1 | 2.118 | 3.3 | 5.078 | 7.8 |
| United Kingdom | 62.008 | 7.012 | 11.3 | 2.245 | 3.6 | 4.767 | 7.7 |
| Spain | 45.989 | 6.422 | 14.0 | 2.328 | 5.1 | 4.094 | 8.9 |
| Italy | 60.343 | 4.798 | 8.0 | 1.592 | 2.6 | 3.205 | 5.3 |
| Netherlands | 16.575 | 1.832 | 11.1 | 0.428 | 2.6 | 1.404 | 8.5 |
| Greece | 11.305 | 1.256 | 11.1 | 0.315 | 2.8 | 0.940 | 8.3 |
| Sweden | 9.340 | 1.337 | 14.3 | 0.477 | 5.1 | 0.859 | 9.2 |
| Austria | 8.367 | 1.276 | 15.2 | 0.512 | 6.1 | 0.764 | 9.1 |
| Belgium | 10.666 | 1.380 | 12.9 | 0.695 | 6.5 | 0.685 | 6.4 |
| Portugal | 10.637 | 0.793 | 7.5 | 0.191 | 1.8 | 0.602 | 5.7 |
| Denmark | 5.534 | 0.500 | 9.0 | 0.152 | 2.8 | 0.348 | 6.3 |
| EU 27 | 501.098 | 47.348 | 9.4 | 15.980 | 3.2 | 31.368 | 6.3 |
Irregular migration
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Even though the main paths for the entry of clandestine migration have traditionally been airports and land borders, the sea route has proven to have a "profound impact at the social level" owing to qualitative, rather than quantitative, reasons.Template:Sfn
Regarding the governance of the migration of Sub-Saharan people from Morocco (and Western Sahara) into Spain (which include crossings into the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a sea route to the Canary Islands), the Moroccan and Spanish authorities follow necropolitical forms of border control which are complemented with the favouring of the idea of "advancing borders" by reaching deals with origin or transit countries such as Guinea Conakry, Mali, Ivory Coast, and Gambia.[35]
On 9 October 2024, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez urged the European Parliament to speed up the implementation of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum to alleviate the migration crisis in the Canary Islands,[36] which had seen the illegal arrival of a record number of 46,843 migrants, mostly from Senegal, Mali and Morocco (up from 39,910 in 2023).[37] Sánchez tried to push through a law that would introduce mandatory distribution of migrants among Spanish regions in order to alleviate pressure in the Canary Islands.[38]
The Sánchez government planned to legalize around 900,000 undocumented migrants by 2027.[39]
Naturalizations
From 2005 to 2022 alone, more than 2.2 million foreigners were granted Spanish citizenship through naturalization.[40]
Since the end of the 20th century the number of foreigners who have obtained Spanish nationality has grown steadily, as Spain has been the EU country with the biggest number of approved naturalizations since 2010 until 2015. 1 out of 4 naturalizations made in the European Union in 2014 were belonging to Spain. Most of these naturalizations went to citizens coming from Latin America (which explains the massive decrease of these citizens counting as immigrants in Spain) mainly from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, although Morocco was amongst the top 3 as well.[41] After 4 years being the first, Spain dropped to the 3rd position in 2015 due to the stricter laws to naturalize citizens. Still, 114.351 foreigners became Spanish citizens in 2015, the majority being Latin Americans.[42]
| Year | Naturalizations Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
|---|---|
| 2005 | 42,829 |
| 2006 | 62,339 |
| 2007 | 71,810 |
| 2008 | 84,170 |
| 2009 | 79,597 |
| 2010 | 123,721 |
| 2011 | 114,599 |
| 2012 | 115,557 |
| 2013 | 261,295 |
| 2014 | 205,880 |
| 2015 | 114,351 |
| 2016 | 150,944 |
| 2017 | 66,498 |
| 2018 | 90,774 |
| 2019 | 98,954 |
| 2020 | 126,266 |
| 2021 | 202,336 |
| 2022 | 181,581 |
Immigration detention
Crime rates
See also
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- Opposition to immigration
- Remigration
- Demographics of Spain
- Immigration to Europe
- Spanish nationality law
- List of countries by immigrant population
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad Template:Webarchive, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
- ↑ Eurostat – Population in Europe in 2005 Template:Webarchive. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Special Reports | Brits Abroad Template:Webarchive. BBC News. Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
- ↑ News.bg – Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs Template:Webarchive. International.ibox.bg. Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Immigration flow from abroad by year, sex and age Template:Webarchive at INE (Spanish Bureau Office).
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External links
Template:Immigration to Spain Template:Country topics Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Sister project