Ice circle
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Ice discs, ice circles, ice pans, ice pancakes[1] or ice crepes are a very rare natural phenomenon that occurs in slow moving water in cold climates. They are thin circular slabs of ice that rotate slowly on a body of water's surface.
Types
Ice discs
Ice discs form on the outer bends in a river where the accelerating water creates a force called 'rotational shear', which breaks off a chunk of ice and twists it around.[2] As the disc rotates, it grinds against surrounding ice — smoothing into a circle.[3] A relatively uncommon phenomenon, one of the earliest recordings is of a slowly revolving disc spotted on the Mianus River and reported in an 1895 edition of Scientific American.[4][5]
Ice pans
River specialist and geography professor Joe Desloges states that ice pans are "surface slabs of ice that form in the center of a lake or creek, instead of along the water’s edge". As water cools, ice crystals form into 'frazil ice' and can cluster together into a pan-shaped formation.[6] If an ice pan accumulates enough frazil ice and the current remains slow, the pan may transform into a 'hanging dam', a heavy block of ice with high ridges and a low centre.[7]
Formation
Conditions
It is believed that ice circles form in eddy currents.[8] It has been shown that existing ice discs can maintain their rotation due to melting.[9]
Physics
Ice circles tend to rotate even when they form in water that is not moving. The ice circle lowers the temperature of the water around it, which causes the water to become denser than the slightly warmer water around it. The dense water then sinks and creates its own circular motion, causing the ice circle to rotate.[10]
Size
An unusual natural phenomenon, ice disks occur in slowly moving water in cold climates and can vary in size, with circles more than Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter observed.[11][12][13][14] Ice Circle of Vana-Vigala in Estonia is reported to have had a diameter of over 20 meters,[15] whilst one approximately Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter appeared in Westbrook, Maine in January 2019.[16]
Notable examples
Ice discs have most frequently been observed in Scandinavia and North America. An ice disc was observed in Wales in December 2008 and another one in England in January 2009.[17][3] An ice disc was observed on the Sheyenne River in North Dakota in December 2013. An ice circle of approximately Template:Cvt in diameter was observed and photographed in Lake Katrine, New York on the Esopus Creek around 23 January 2014. In Idaho, extreme weather led to a rare sighting of an ice disc on the Snake River on 22 January 2014.
On 14 January 2019, an ice disc approximately Script error: No such module "convert". wide on the Presumpscot River in Westbrook, Maine, United States drew wide media attention.[18][19][20] A smaller disc was reported by park rangers in Baxter State Park, in northern Maine, the same month.[21] In January 2020, an ice disc appeared on the Kennebec River in Skowhegan, Maine, United States[22]
In January 2021 a large ice circle was discovered via satellite imagery and on 23 February 2021, an ice disc estimated to be Script error: No such module "convert". wide was confirmed on the Taltson River, Northwest Territories (just below Tsu Lake). It was estimated to be rotating at approximately 20–25 minutes per rotation.[23]
Artificial ice circles
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Artificial ice circles have also been created by cutting a large circle in a sheet of ice.[24] These artificial creations are called "ice carousels". Record setting ice carousels are recorded by the World Ice Carousel Association.[25]
See also
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- El Ojo - Rotating floating circular island in Argentina's Paraná Delta, consisting of vegetation and soil
References
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- ↑ Rickard, B et al: Unexplained Phenomena, page 190. Rough Guides, 2000.
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- ↑ Blake Nicholson, Unusual ice circle forms in North Dakota river Template:Webarchive, 26 November 2013, Associated Press
- ↑ Pete Thomas, Giant spinning ice circle discovered in North Dakota’s Sheyenne River Template:Webarchive, 26 November 2013, GrindTV
- ↑ Jaan Viska: Jääratas pöörlemas Vana-Vigalas – mitte ainult kylauudis.ee, 11. jaanuar 2017
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- ↑ (K. Cox, personal communication, 23 February 2021).
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Further reading
External links
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- Video of ice disc in Germany: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
- Video of ice disc in Ontario, Canada: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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