Hydrangea

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect-several Template:Automatic taxobox

Hydrangea (Template:IPAc-en[1][2] or Template:IPAc-en[3]) is a genus of more than 70 species of flowering plants native to Asia and the Americas. Hydrangea is also used as the common name for the genus; some (particularly H. macrophylla) are also often called hortensia.[4] The genus was first described from Virginia in North America,[5] but by far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China, Korea, and Japan. Most are shrubs Template:Cvt tall, but some are small trees, and others lianas reaching up to Template:Cvt by climbing up trees. They can be either deciduous or evergreen, though the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.[6]

The flowers of many hydrangeas act as natural pH indicators, producing blue flowers when the soil is acidic and pink ones when the soil is alkaline.[7]

Etymology

Hydrangea is derived from Greek and means 'water vessel' (from Script error: No such module "Lang". húdōr "water" + Script error: No such module "Lang". ángos or Script error: No such module "Lang". angeîon "vessel"),[8][9][10] in reference to the shape of its seed capsules.[11] The earlier name, Hortensia, is a Latinised version of the French given name Hortense, honoring the French astronomer and mathematician Nicole-Reine Hortense Lepaute.[12] Philibert Commerson attempted to name the flower Lepautia or Peautia after Lepaute. However, the flower's accepted name later became Hortensia. This led to people believing Lepaute's name was Hortense, but the Larousse remarks that this is erroneous, and that the name probably came from hortus, garden.[13]

Life cycle

Hydrangea flowers are produced from early spring to late autumn; they grow in flowerheads (corymbs or panicles) most often at the ends of the stems. Typically the flowerheads contain two types of flowers: small non-showy fertile flowers in the center or interior of the flowerhead, and large, sterile showy flowers with large colorful sepals (tepals). These showy flowers are often extended in a ring, or to the exterior of the small flowers. Plants in wild populations typically have few to none of the showy flowers, while cultivated hydrangeas have been bred and selected to have more of the larger type flowers.

There are two flower arrangements in hydrangeas with corymb style inflorescences, which includes the commonly grown "bigleaf hydrangea"—Hydrangea macrophylla. Mophead flowers are large round flowerheads resembling pom-poms or, as the name implies, the head of a mop. In contrast, lacecap flowers bear round, flat flowerheads with a center core of subdued, small flowers surrounded by outer rings of larger flowers having showy sepals or tepals. The flowers of some rhododendrons and viburnums can appear, at first glance, similar to those of some hydrangeas.

Colors and soil acidity

File:Hydrangea Flower Color Based on Soil pH.jpg
Hydrangea flower color changes based on the pH in soil. As the graph depicts, soil with a pH of 5.5 or lower will produce blue flowers, a pH of 6.5 or higher will produce pink hydrangeas, and soil in between 5.5 and 6.5 will have purple hydrangeas.

Hydrangea flower color can change based on the pH in soil. As the graph depicts, soil with a pH of 5.5 or lower will produce blue flowers, a pH of 6.5 or higher will produce pink hydrangeas, and soil in between 5.5 and 6.5 will have purple hydrangeas. White hydrangeas cannot be color-manipulated by soil pH because they do not produce pigment for color. In other words, while the hue of the inflorescence is variable dependent upon cultural factors, the color saturation is genetically predetermined. In most species, the flowers are white. In some, however, (notably H. macrophylla), they can be blue, red, or purple, with color saturation levels ranging from the palest of pinks, lavenders & powder blues, to deep, rich purples, reds, and royal blues. In these species, floral color change occurs due to the availability of aluminium ions, a variable which itself depends upon the soil pH.[14][15] For H. macrophylla and H. serrata cultivars, the flower color can be determined by the relative acidity of the soil: an acidic soil (pH below 7), will have available aluminium ions and typically produce flowers that are blue to purple,[16] whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will tie up aluminium ions and result in pink or red flowers. This is caused by a color change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants.[17]

Species

File:Hydrangea paniculata - flower view 01.jpg
Hydrangea paniculata

98 species are accepted.[18] Template:Div col

  • Hydrangea acuminata Siebold & Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea albostellata Samain, Najarro & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea alternifolia SieboldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea × amagiana MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea amamiohsimensis (Koidz.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea ampla (Chun) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea anomala D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (climbing hydrangea) Himalaya, southwest China
  • Hydrangea arborescens L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (smooth hydrangea) eastern North America
  • Hydrangea arguta (Gaudich.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea aspera Buch.-Ham. ex D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China, Himalaya
  • Hydrangea asterolasia DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea barbara (L.) Bernd SchulzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea bifida (Maxim.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea breedlovei Samain, Najarro & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea bretschneideri DippelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea caerulea (Stapf) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea carroniae Samain & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea chungii RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea cinerea SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (ashy hydrangea) eastern United States
  • Hydrangea coenobialis ChunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea corylifolia (Chun) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea crassa (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea daimingshanensis (Y.C.Wu) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea davidii Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea densifolia (C.F.Wei) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea diplostemona (Donn.Sm.) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea fauriei (Hayata) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea febrifuga (Lour.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn. Dichroa febrifuga) – central & southern China to Malesia and New Guinea
  • Hydrangea glaucescens (Rehder) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China, Myanmar and Vietnam
  • Hydrangea gracilis W.T.Wang & M.X.NieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea heteromalla D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Himalaya, west and north China
  • Hydrangea hirsuta (Gagnep.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea hirta (Thunb.) SieboldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Japan
  • Hydrangea hwangii J.M.H.ShawScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea hydrangeoides (Siebold & Zucc.) Bernd SchulzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Ulleungdo, Japan, Kurils
  • Hydrangea hypoglauca RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea integrifolia HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea involucrata SieboldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Japan, Taiwan
  • Hydrangea jelskii Szyszył.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Andes
  • Hydrangea kawagoeana Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea kwangsiensis HuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea kwangtungensis Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea lalashanensis S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea lingii G.HooScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea linkweiensis ChunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea liukiuensis NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea lobbii Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea longifolia HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea longipes Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – western China
  • Hydrangea luteovenosa Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea macrocarpa Hand.-Mazz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (bigleaf hydrangea) southeast Japan, southern China
  • Hydrangea mangshanensis C.F.WeiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea marunoi Tagane & S.FujiiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea mathewsii Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea megalocarpa (Chun) J.M.H.ShawScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea minamitanii (H.Ohba) YaharaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea × mizushimarum H.OhbaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea moellendorffii HanceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea mollissima (Merr.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea nahaensis Samain & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea nebulicola Nevling & Gómez PompaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea obtusifolia (Hu) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea ofeliae Sodusta & LumawagScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea otontepecensis Samain & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea paniculata SieboldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (panicled hydrangea) eastern China, Japan, Korea, Sakhalin
  • Hydrangea peruviana Moric. ex Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Costa Rica and Panama, Andes
  • Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (climbing hydrangea) Japan, Korea, Sakhalin
  • Hydrangea pingtungensis S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea platyarguta Y.De Smet & SamainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea pottingeri PrainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Hydrangea chinensis Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, southeastern China, and Taiwan
  • Hydrangea preslii Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea quercifolia W.BartramScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (oakleaf hydrangea) southeast United States
  • Hydrangea radiata WalterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (silverleaf hydrangea) southeast United States
  • Hydrangea robusta Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China, Himalaya
  • Hydrangea sargentiana RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – western China
  • Hydrangea scandens (L.f.) Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern Japan south to the Philippines
  • Hydrangea seemannii L.RileyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - northern Mexico, to Nayarit
  • Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Japan, Korea
  • Hydrangea serratifolia (Thunb.) Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chile, western Argentina
  • Hydrangea sikokiana Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea sousae Samain, Najarro & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea steyermarkii Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea strigosa RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea stylosa Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea taiwaniana Y.C.Liu & F.Y.LuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea tapalapensis Samain, Najarro & E.MartínezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea tarapotensis Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Andes
  • Hydrangea tomentella (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea × versicolor (Fortune) J.M.H.ShawScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea viburnoides (Hook.f. & Thomson) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea wallichii J.M.H.ShawScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea xanthoneura DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China
  • Hydrangea xinfeniae W.B.Ju & J.RuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea yaoshanensis (Y.C.Wu) Y.De Smet & GranadosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea yayeyamensis Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea × ytiensis (J.M.H.Shaw) J.M.H.ShawScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea yunnanensis RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Hydrangea zhewanensis P.S.Hsu & X.P.ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China

Template:Div col end

Fossil record

File:Hydrangea knowltoni as Hydrangea bendirei USNM P36979 img3.jpg
Hydrangea knowltoni

Template:ExtinctHydrangea alaskana is a fossil species recovered from Paleogene strata at Jaw Mountain Alaska.[19] †Hydrangea knowltoni has been described from leaves and flowers recovered from the Miocene Langhian Latah Formation of the inland Pacific Northwest United states. The related Miocene species †Hydrangea bendirei is known to from the Mascall Formation in Oregon, and †Hydrangea reticulata is documented from the Weaverville Formation in California.[20][21]

Four fossil seeds of †Hydrangea polonica have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[22]

Cultivation and uses

Hydrangeas are popular ornamental plants, grown for their large flowerheads, with Hydrangea macrophylla being by far the most widely grown. It has over 600 named cultivars, many selected to have only large sterile flowers in the flowerheads. Hydrangea macrophylla, also known as bigleaf hydrangea, can be broken up into two main categories; mophead hydrangea and lacecap hydrangea. Some are best pruned on an annual basis when the new leaf buds begin to appear. If not pruned regularly, the bush will become very "leggy", growing upwards until the weight of the stems is greater than their strength, at which point the stems will sag down to the ground and possibly break. Other species only flower on "old wood". Thus, new wood resulting from pruning will not produce flowers until the following season.

The following cultivars and species have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit under the synonym Schizophragma:[23]

Hydrangea root and rhizome are indicated for the treatment of conditions of the urinary tract in the Physicians' Desk Reference for Herbal Medicine and may have diuretic properties.[27] Hydrangeas are moderately toxic if eaten, with all parts of the plant containing cyanogenic glycosides.[28] Hydrangea paniculata is reportedly sometimes smoked as an intoxicant, despite the danger of illness and/or death due to the cyanide.[29][30]

The flowers on a hydrangea shrub can change from blue to pink or from pink to blue from one season to the next depending on the acidity level of the soil.[31] Adding organic materials such as coffee grounds and citrus peel will increase acidity and turn hydrangea flowers blue.[32] A popular pink hydrangea called Vanilla Strawberry has been named "Top Plant" by the American Nursery and Landscape Association.

A hybrid "Runaway Bride Snow White", from Japan, won Plant of the Year at the 2018 RHS Chelsea Flower Show.[33]

In culture

In Japan, ama-cha (Script error: No such module "Lang".), meaning sweet tea, is another herbal tea made from Hydrangea serrata, whose leaves contain a substance that develops a sweet taste (phyllodulcin). For the fullest taste, fresh leaves are crumpled, steamed, and dried, yielding dark brown tea leaves. Ama-cha is mainly used for kan-butsu-e (the Buddha bathing ceremony) on April 8 every year—the day thought to be Buddha's birthday in Japan. During the ceremony, ama-cha is poured over a statue of Buddha and served to people in attendance. A legend has it that on the day Buddha was born, nine dragons poured Amrita over him; ama-cha is substituted for Amrita in Japan.

In Korean tea, Hydrangea serrata is used for an herbal tea called sugukcha (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or isulcha (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

The pink hydrangea has risen in popularity all over the world, especially in Asia. The given meaning of pink hydrangeas is popularly tied to the phrase "you are the beat of my heart," as described by the celebrated Korean florist Tan Jun Yong, who was quoted saying, "The light delicate blush of the petals reminds me of a beating heart, while the size could only match the heart of the sender!"[34]

Hydrangea quercifolia was declared the official state wildflower of the U.S. state of Alabama in 1999.[35]

Hydrangeas were used by the Cherokee people of what is now the Southern U.S. as a mild diuretic and cathartic; it was considered a valuable remedy for bladder stones.[36]

Extrafloral nectaries were reported on hydrangea species by Zimmerman 1932, but Elias 1983 regards this as "doubtful".[37]


Gallery

Diseases

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References

File:Wikisource-logo.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper". Template:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite Cambridge Dictionaries
  2. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  3. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–607
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Template:Cite EB1911.
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Template:Cite report
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:HathiTrust Catalog
  22. ↑ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ PDR for Herbal Medicine 3rd Edition Page 453
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ State Botanical SymbolsBy Alan McPherson, p.3
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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