Hyaenodon

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Hyaenodon ("hyena-tooth") is an extinct genus of carnivorous placental mammals from extinct tribe Hyaenodontini within extinct subfamily Hyaenodontinae (in extinct family Hyaenodontidae),[1] that lived in Eurasia, Africa, and North America from the Early Eocene to the Early Miocene.

Classification and phylogeny

File:Hyaenodon Heinrich Harder.jpeg
Reconstruction of Hyaenodon by Heinrich Harder (around 1920)
File:Hyaenodon and Leptomeryx.jpg
Reconstruction of H. horridus and Leptomeryx evansi by W. B. Scott (1913)

Taxonomy

Template:Tree list

  • Tribe: †Hyaenodontini (Leidy, 1869)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Genus: †Hyaenodon (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Hyaenodon brachyrhynchus (Blainville, 1841)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[2]
      • †Hyaenodon chunkhtensis (Dashzeveg, 1985)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[3]
      • †Hyaenodon dubius (Filhol, 1873)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
      • †Hyaenodon eminus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
      • †Hyaenodon exiguus (Gervais, 1873)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
      • †Hyaenodon filholi (Schlosser, 1887)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
      • †Hyaenodon gervaisi (Martin, 1906)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8]
      • †Hyaenodon heberti (Filhol, 1876)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
      • †Hyaenodon leptorhynchus (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
      • †Hyaenodon lingbaoensis (Li, 2025)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
      • †Hyaenodon minor (Lange-Badré, 1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
      • †Hyaenodon pervagus (Matthew & Granger, 1924)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
      • †Hyaenodon pumilus (Lavrov, 2019)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
      • †Hyaenodon requieni (Gervais, 1846)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
      • †Hyaenodon rossignoli (Lange-Badré, 1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
      • †Hyaenodon weilini (Wang, 2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
      • †Hyaenodon yuanchuensis (Young, 1937)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
      • Subgenus: †Neohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Thorpe, 1922)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
        • †Hyaenodon gigas (Dashzeveg, 1985)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Hyaenodon horridus (Leidy, 1853)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19]
        • †Hyaenodon incertus (Dashzeveg, 1985)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Hyaenodon macrocephalus (Lavrov, 1999)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]
        • †Hyaenodon megaloides (Mellett, 1977)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21]
        • †Hyaenodon milvinus (Lavrov, 1999)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]
        • †Hyaenodon mongoliensis (Dashzeveg, 1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22]
        • †Hyaenodon montanus (Douglass, 1902)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23]
        • †Hyaenodon vetus (Stock, 1933)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24]
      • Subgenus: †Protohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Stock, 1933)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Hyaenodon brevirostrus (Macdonald, 1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25]
        • †Hyaenodon crucians (Leidy, 1853)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Hyaenodon microdon (Mellett, 1977)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
        • †Hyaenodon mustelinus (Scott, 1894)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26]
        • †Hyaenodon raineyi (Gustafson, 1986)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27]
        • †Hyaenodon venturae (Mellett, 1977)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Tree list/end

Description

File:Hyaenodon horridus skull.jpg
Skull of Hyaenodon horridus
File:Hyaenodon NT small.jpg
Life reconstruction of H. horridus

The skull of Hyaenodon was long with a narrow snout—much larger in relation to the length of the skull than in canine carnivores, for instance. The neck was shorter than the skull, while the body was long and robust and terminated in a long tail. Compared to the larger (but not closely related) Hyainailouros, the dentition of Hyaenodon was geared more towards shearing meat and less towards bone crushing.[28]

Some species of this genus were among the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammals of their time; others were only of the size of a marten. Remains of many species are known from North America, Europe, and Asia.[16] H. horridus was the largest North American species. While m1 regressions suggested it could’ve weighed Template:Cvt,[29] regressions based on limb morphology suggests the species instead could’ve been smaller, with adults weighing Template:Cvt on average and may not have exceeded Template:Cvt.[30][28] H. gigas, the largest Hyaenodon species, was much larger, being Template:Cvt and around Template:Cvt.[28] H. weilini was also very large, being similar in size to H. gigas and H. mongoliensis.[16]

H. crucians from the early Oligocene of North America is estimated to only Template:Cvt. H. microdon and H. mustelinus from the late Eocene of North America were even smaller and weighed probably about Template:Cvt.[30]

Paleobiology

Predatory behavior

A 2003 study found that based on elbow morphology H. horridus was a cursorial predator and was the most cursorially adapted Oligocene carnivore within the study.[31] Furthermore, a 2025 study found that based on elbow morphology found that H. crucians and H. horridus were a pounce-pursuit predators.[32] Much like H. horridus, H. eminus, H. gigas, and H. pervagus were recovered as a cursorial predators.[33] On the other hand, analysis on the bony labyrinth of H. exiguus suggests this species was semi-arboreal and occupied a hyena-like niche.[34]

Zigzag Hunter–Schreger bands in the enamel indicate that European and North America Hyaenodon had slightly different niches. Microwear patterns suggests that North American Hyaenodon diet was more similar to lions, on the other hand European Hyaenodon microwear was more similar to spotted hyenas and bone crushing was likely a part of their diet.[35]

Tooth eruption

Studies on juvenile Hyaenodon specimens show that the animal had a very unusual system of tooth replacement. Juveniles took about 3–4 years to complete the final stage of eruption, implying a long adolescent phase. In North American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.[36]

Brain anatomy

While typically assumed that Hyaenodon had a very massive skull, but a small brain. This has been called into question as a recent study found that Hyaenodonta, including Hyaenodon, had encephalization quotient similar to basal and some modern carnivorans.[37] The endocast of Hyaenodon stands out from other Hyaenodontoids as they had relatively high EQ, in addition to relatively gyrencephalic and neocorticalized brains, although the increase in EQ for the genus is still unknown.[38]

Paleoecology

The various species of Hyaenodon competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera (including Sinopa, Dissopsalis and Hyainailurus), and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Asia and preyed on a variety of prey species such as early horses like Mesohippus, Brontotheres, early camels, oreodonts and even early rhinos.[28] Species of Hyaenodon have been shown to have successfully preyed on other large carnivores of their time, including a nimravid ("false sabertooth cat"), according to analysis of tooth puncture marks on a fossil Dinictis skull found in North Dakota.[39][40]

In North America the last Hyaenodon, in the form of H. brevirostrus, disappeared in the late Oligocene.[41] In Europe, they had already vanished earlier in the Oligocene, with the youngest species, H. weilini, persisting in the early Miocene.[16]

References

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  1. ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell (1997). "Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level", Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pages. Hyaenodon
  2. ↑ Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1841.) "Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles." Tome 2: Secondates et Subursus, 123 p.; Viverras, 100 p. et atlas, 117 pl. Baillėte édit. Paris.
  3. ↑ Dashzeveg D. (1985.) "Nouveau Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Mammalia) du Paléogène de Mongolie." Annales de Paléontologie 71:223–256
  4. ↑ Filhol, H. (1873.) "Sur les Vertébrés fossiles trouvés dans les dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy." Bull. Soc. Pholomath. Paris (6) 10, 85-89.
  5. ↑ Matthew W. D. & Granger W. (1925.) "New creodonts and rodents from the Ardyn Obo Formation of Mongolia." American Museum Novitates 193:1–11.
  6. ↑ Gervais P. (1873.) "Mammifères dont les ossements accompagnent les dépôts de chaux phosphatée des départements du Tarn-et.Garonne et du Lot." Journal de Zoologie, Paris, 2:356-380
  7. ↑ M. Schlosser (1887.) "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des Europaischen Tertiars." Beitrage zur Paleontologie Osterreich-Ungarns un des Orients 6:1-224
  8. ↑ R. Martin (1906.) "Revision der obereocænen und unteroligocænen Creodonten Europas." Rev. Suisse Zool., 14, (3), pp. 405-500
  9. ↑ H. Filhol (1876.) "Recherches sur les phospohorites du Quercy. Étude des fossiles qi'on y rencontre et spécialement des Mammifères." Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Paris, 7(7):220 p., pl. 11-36; 1877:art. 1, 340 p., 28 pl.
  10. ↑ Laizer, L. D. and Parieu, D. (1838.) "Description et détermination d'une mâchoire fossile appartenant à un mammifère jusqu'à présent inconnu, Hyaenodon leptorhynchus." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, 7:442
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Lange-Badré, B. (1979.) "Les créodontes (Mammalia) d'Europe occidentale de l'Éocène supérieur à l'Oligocène supérieur." Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 42: 1–249
  13. ↑ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1924.) "New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia." American Museum Novitates 104:1-9
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Gervais P. (1846.) "Mémoire sur quelques Mammifères fossiles du Vaucluse." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Paris, T. 22, pp. 845-846.
  16. ↑ a b c d X. Wang, Z. Qiu and B. Wang (2005.) "Hyaenodonts and carnivorans from the early Oligocene to early Miocene of the Xianshuihe Formation, Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China." Palaeontologia Electronica, Vol. 8, Issue 1; 6A: Pages 1-14
  17. ↑ C. Young (1937.) "An early Tertiary vertebrate fauna from Yuanchü." Bulletin of the geological society of China 17(3-4):413-438
  18. ↑ M. R. Thorpe (1922.) "A new genus of Oligocene Hyaenodontidae." American Journal of Science 3(16):277-287
  19. ↑ Leidy, J. (1853.) "Remarks on a collection of fossil Mammalia from Nebraska." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 6:392-394.
  20. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  21. ↑ J. S. Mellett (1977.) "Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta)." Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 1:1-134
  22. ↑ D. Dashzeveg (1964.) "On two Oligocene Hyaenodontidae from Erghilyin-Dzo (Mongolian People's Republic)." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9(2):263-274
  23. ↑ E. Douglass (1902.) "Fossil Mammalia of the White River beds of Montana." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 20:237-279
  24. ↑ C. Stock (1933.) "Hyaenodontidae of the Upper Eocene of California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19(4):434-440
  25. ↑ J. R. Macdonald (1970.) "Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota." Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science 8:165-82
  26. ↑ William Berryman Scott (1894.) "The osteology of Hyaenodon" Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (2), 9, 291-323
  27. ↑ E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
  28. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Castellanos, Miguel (2024). Hunting Types in North American Eocene and Oligocene Carnivores and Implications for Nimravid Extinction (Graduate Research Thesis & Disserations)
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ John W. Hoganson and Jeff Person (2010). "Tooth puncture marks on a skull of Dinictis (Nimravidae) from the Oligocene Brule Formation of Northe Dakota attributed to predation by Hyaenodon (Hyaenodontidae)", North Dakota Geological Survey
  40. ↑ John W. Hoganson and Jeff Person (2011). "Tooth puncture marks on a 30 million year old Dinictis skull.", Geo News, p. 12-17
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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