Hungarian Grey

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a group of long-horned grey-white cattle
In Hortobágy National Park, in the Puszta of Hortobágy in eastern Hungary

The Hungarian Grey (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".), also known as the Hungarian Grey Steppe,[1]Template:R/superscript is a Hungarian breed of beef cattle.[2]Template:R/superscript[3]Template:R/superscript It belongs to the group of Podolic cattle[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript and is characterised by long lyre-shaped horns and a pale grey coat. It is well adapted to extensive pasture systems and was formerly raised in very large numbers in the Hungarian puszta. In the twentieth century it came close to extinction, but numbers have since risen.

History

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Gulyás herdsmen with Hungarian Grey cattle, lithograph by Template:Ill (1821–1862)

The origins of the Hungarian Grey are unknown. It was formerly accepted that it had arrived in the ninth century with the Magyars who came from the east, took the Carpathian Basin and settled there; this theory is not consistent with the archaeological record.[4]Template:R/superscript It has also been suggested at various times that it was introduced in some later migration, possibly by Cumanian or Pecheneg peoples; that it was brought from the south by refugees from the Balkans;[4]Template:R/superscript or that it came from the Italian peninsula, acquired either by raiding in the tenth century, or by trade during the period of Angevin rule in the fourteenth century.[5]Template:R/superscript Another theory, that it descends directly from the aurochs, Bos primigenius, was attributed by Charles Darwin, writing in 1868, to Ludwig Rütimeyer;[6]Template:R/superscript[7]Template:R/superscript it is not consistent with the osteometric data, but the possibility remains of some aurochs influence in Mediaeval times.[5]Template:R/superscript

From the Middle Ages until the eighteenth century great numbers of grey cattle were raised extensively on the plains of Hungary. Many were driven on the hoof by hajduk for hundreds of kilometres westward to the markets of cities in western Europe to be slaughtered for beef.[4]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript The principal destination was Vienna, but others reached Augsburg, Auspitz, Nürnberg, Strasbourg and Venice.[4]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, tens of thousands of cattle were exported in this way each year, and in the seventeenth century the number may have exceeded 100,000 per year.[4]Template:R/superscript[9]Template:R/superscript The trade was gravely disrupted by the Ottoman invasions, and for some time was also limited by a monopoly granted by the Imperial court to the Landverleger-Compagnia of Vienna in 1622.[4]Template:R/superscript[9]Template:R/superscript

Hungarian cattle are documented at Augsburg in a document of 1526.[10]Template:R/superscript Another sixteenth-century document refers specifically to Script error: No such module "Lang". or 'long-horned Hungarian cattle'.[11]Template:R/superscript

In the eighteenth century changing market conditions led to a substantial decline in this trade, and the cattle came to be used principally as draught animals, a purpose to which they were well suited.[4]Template:R/superscript

In 1931 the Hungarian Grey Cattle Breeders' Association was established and encouraged the keeping and breeding of the cattle.[3]Template:R/superscript World War II disrupted the efforts.[3]Template:R/superscript There were only 160 cows and 6 bulls on three farms in the early 1960s.[3]Template:R/superscript Around that time a patriotic interest in preserving local breeds emerged.[3]Template:R/superscript

By 1975 there were only 300 cows left in two herds, but numbers have since increased. The rebound in numbers is partially due to cryoconservation efforts made by the Hungarian government.[12]Template:R/superscript Government subsidies are available to breeders of the cattle.[13]Template:R/superscript In 2003 the Hungarian Grey supplied approximately 12% of the locally-produced beef consumed in Hungary.[13]Template:R/superscript It is distributed mainly in the counties of Bács-Kiskun, Hajdú-Bihar and Veszprém.[14]Template:R/superscript

Characteristics

Hungarian Grey cattle are robust,[8]Template:R/superscript slender and tall. They have high muscle content and marbled meat. Bulls stand about 150 cm at the withers, and weigh some 800 kg; cows average 135 cm in height and 525 kg in weight.[15]Template:R/superscript

The coat colour ranges from silvery-white to ash-grey; males are usually darker than cows, with a black scrotum and eyes ringed with black.[16]Template:R/superscript[17]Template:R/superscript The skin is pigmented and grey.[17]Template:R/superscript As in other Podolic breeds, the calves are born reddish and become grey at about six months old.[5]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript The horns are long and curved and are directed upwards in a lyre shape;[16]Template:R/superscript they may be some 70 to 80 cm in length.[17]Template:R/superscript

The Hungarian Grey shares with indicine cattle some genetic characteristics relating to milk proteins including casein, and to amplified fragment length polymorphism marker haplotypes. It does not otherwise show any marked similarity to zebuine cattle.[16]Template:R/superscript

Use

The Hungarian Grey is reared for beef. It is slow to develop, but the meat is low in fat and is suitable for the manufacture of beef salami and beef sausages.[14]Template:R/superscript It is included in the Ark of Taste of the international Slow Food Foundation.[14]Template:R/superscript

Herds of the cattle function as a tourist attraction in the Hortobágy National Park and other Hungarian national parks. Some may be found elsewhere, such as in Bocfölde in western Hungary. These herds serve as gene banks, due to their reported resistance to cattle diseases which affect more highly bred cattle types.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Marleen Felius (1995). Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. Template:ISBN.
  2. ↑ Breed data sheet: Magyar Szürke/Hungary. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed May 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Template:ISBN. Archived 10 January 2017.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Imre Bodó, István Gera, Gábor Koppány, trans. Béla Borsos (2004). The Hungarian Grey Cattle Breed. Budapest: Magyar Szürke Szarvasmarhát Tenyésztôk Egyesülete.
  5. ↑ a b c d e László Bartosiewicz (1997). The Hungarian Grey cattle: a traditional European breed. Animal Genetic Resources Information (21): 49–60.
  6. ↑ Charles Darwin (1868). The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, volume I. London: John Murray.
  7. ↑ Ludwig Rütimeyer (1866). Über Art und Raçe des zahmen europäischen Rindes (in German). Braunschweig: [publisher unknown]. Cited in: Charles Darwin (1868). The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, volume I. London: John Murray.
  8. ↑ a b Anikó Gergely, Ruprecht Stempell, Christoph Büschel, Mo Croasdale (2008). Culinaria Hungary. Potsdam, Germany: H.F. Ullmann. Template:Isbn. Template:Catalog lookup link.
  9. ↑ a b Marleen Felius, Marie-Louise Beerling, David S. Buchanan, Bert Theunissen, Peter A. Koolmees and Johannes A. Lenstra (2014). On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources. Diversity 6 (4): 705–750. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  10. ↑ László Bartosiewicz (2017). Hungarian Grey Cattle: Parallels in Constituting Animal and Human Identities. In: Sarah Cockram, Andrew Wells (editors) (2017). Interspecies Interactions: Animals and Humans between the Middle Ages and Modernity. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: RoutledgeTemplate:Isbn.
  11. ↑ A. Zsolnai, Á. Maróti-Agóts, A. Kovács, A.V. Bâlteanu, E. Kaltenecker, I. Anton (2020). Genetic position of Hungarian Grey among European cattle and identification of breed-specific markers. Animal. 14 (9): 1786–1792. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers"..
  12. ↑ L. Solti, E.G. Crichton, N.M. Loskutoff, S.Cseh (2000). Economical and Ecological Importance of Indigenous Livestock and the Application of Assisted Reproduction to Their Preservation. Theriogenology. 53 (1): 149–62. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".. Template:Link note.
  13. ↑ a b Mihály Pásztor (editor) (2003). First Country Report on Animal Genetic Resources: Republic of Hungary. Budapest: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Annex to: Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Template:ISBN. Archived 10 January 2017.
  14. ↑ a b c Razza bovina grigia ungherese: Arca del Gusto (in Italian). Bra, Cuneo: Fondazione Slow Food per la Biodiversità Onlus/Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity. Archived 25 June 2024.
  15. ↑ Breed data sheet: Magyar Szürke / Hungary (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2022.
  16. ↑ a b c d Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. Template:ISBN.
  17. ↑ a b c Breed description: Hungarian Grey. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Archived 15 October 2007.

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Further reading

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  • Bodó Imre (1994). Magyar szürke szarvasmarha (in Hungarian). Debrecen: Hortobágyi Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság.
  • Bellon Tibor, Kútvölgyi Mihály (2001). A magyar szürkemarha (in Hungarian). Budapest: Timp. Template:ISBN
  • Borics Imre (2006). Magyar szürke tenyésztése, tejtermelése és keresztezése Hosszúháton (in Hungarian). Debrecen: Hortobágyi Természetvédelmi és Génmegőrző Kht.; Magyar Szürke Szarvasmarhát Tenyésztők Egyesülete. Template:Isbn
  • Károlyi Zsuzsanna, Székely Sándor (2010). Magyar szürke szarvasmarha: Folyóiratcikkek és szakkönyvek ajánló bibliográfiája a Magyar Mezőgazdasági Bibliográfia alapjánaz Országos Mezőgazdasági Könyvtár állományából (bibliography, in Hungarian). Budapest: Országos Mezőgazdasági Könyvtár és Dokumentációs Központ.
  • Andrea Mária Kırösi (2014). The Issue of the appearance and development of the Hungarian Grey Cattle in the Carpathian Basin based on archeozoological artifacts (doctoral thesis). Szeged: University of Szeged.
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