Huang Zunxian

Huang Zunxian (Template:Lang-zh, May 29, 1848Template:Spaced ndashMarch 28, 1905), courtesy name Gongdu (), was a Chinese official, scholar, and writer, active during the late Qing dynasty. As a poet, he published more than a hundred poems. He was born in Jiayingzhou, now Mei County, Guangdong, and died 57 years later in the same place. His important contributions to China made him a recognised figure of his time, and a namesake foundation has been established in his honour. Huang's former residence is now marked as a public museum.

Early life and career

Huang was born May 29, 1848, in Jiayingzhou (now Mei County), Guangdong, China to a family of Hakka heritage. His father Huang Hung Chow was a scholar-official (Juren) and served the courts of the Qing dynasty.Template:Sfn At age three, he witnessed the effects of the greatest land reforms in China.Template:Sfn As a toddler, the younger Huang could recite the famous Chinese anthology Thousand Families Poems () and as a nine-year-old child studied poems from the Tang dynasty. His life took a turn a few years later, during the Taiping Rebellion, when he was robbed of many of his possessions. He applied to be a Juren, like his father, when he became of age in 1877. Despite heavy competition, he found success and was posted to Tokyo, Japan to serve as the Imperial Chinese Embassy's Counsellor.Template:Sfn In September 1880, he published Korea Strategy a paper regarding the high level plans of Korea (unified as it then was). Huang suggested that China and Korea become good allies. The work is described by one source as "a work of destiny that determined the modern history of East Asia". While in Japan, he did some editorial work for the Japan World Magazine,Template:Sfn looked into aspects of the medicine of the country, and noted how much the country had progressed through time and published his studies in a book, Treatises on JapanTemplate:Sfn (printed 1890). The Guangxu Emperor was fascinated with the work and invited Huang to detailedly explain it to him in person. It was partially because of Huang's book that the Guangxu Emperor amended some rules in China.Template:Sfn Huang is also considered to be a philosopher, having analysed, discussed, and questioned the framework of China.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His influences in philosophy included the Enlightenment figures Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Afterwards in 1882, Huang was assigned as Consul-General in San Francisco, United States. During his time there, he realised how wealthy the immigrant Chinese had become, and how much of an asset they were to China. Huang wrote a poem about Frederick Bee, an official at the Chinese Consulate. After seven years in the United States, he moved back to his home country China. In 1890, he relocated to London to act as the Counsellor of the Chinese Embassy; one year later he was reassigned to Singapore to become the Consul-General there. He witnessed how similar the Singaporean Chinese, both rich and generous, were to the native Chinese. Disagreeing with China's policy of not allowing overseas Chinese to return to the country, and torturing them if they did so, Huang composed a formal request to the Emperor to do away with the rule, offering the view that China was "driv[ing] fish into other people's nets". The request was accepted and on January 29, 1894, it was announced that the Chinese overseas were no longer barred from returning to China.Template:Sfn In between, Huang was Hunan Province's Salt Intendant and he started the Journal for Contemporary Affairs.Template:Sfn The change of policy was widely celebrated and reported; Huang was soon to be appointed China's ambassador to Japan. However, before that could materialize, Empress Dowager Cixi seized power and ended the Hundred Days' Reform. With the Guangxu Emperor detained, Huang's career as a diplomat was over.Template:Sfn He slammed Empress Dowager Cixi's coup but at the same time expressed his relief at being freed of his diplomatic duties.Template:Sfn

Personal life

File:Huang Zunxian and family.jpg

Huang (pictured in direct middle of front row) with family members, circa 1900

Huang had thoughts regarding race. As a teenager he expressed that every person "is made from yellow clay". Decades later he asked, "Why is the yellow race not the only race in the world?" Huang enjoyed composing poetry.Template:Sfn He was also patriotic towards China, and once described it as a gold-paved nation. He was well-liked as a poet and his poetical works received positive criticism, with one source citing him as "the most distinguished poet among the late nineteenth-century reformers".Template:Sfn His influences in poetry included Wei Yuan, Gong Zizhen, and Jin He.Template:Sfn His grandmother was Lady Li, whose death when Huang was still a child supposedly put him in "deep sorrow", as evidenced in a poem pertaining to Li's tomb. Most of Huang's poems relate to world affairs of his time, including foreign ones, such as the presidential elections in the United States.Template:Sfn In total, he published more than a hundred poems.Template:Sfn After he died, an anthology of his poems, Poems of the Human Environment (), was published and remains popular in China. A proponent of the late Qing Poetic Revolution,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn select poems of his include: The Mountain Song, The Cherry Blossom Festival, The Fog of London,Template:Sfn Songs of the Taiping Rebels,Template:Sfn On The Road to Wuqing,Template:Sfn and Expelling the Visitor. In his lifetime, he also showed an interest in opening schools in various countries in Asia.Template:Sfn Huang and Liang Qichao were close friends.Template:Sfn Huang extensively toured many parts of Asia, his favourite being Malaysia.Template:Sfn His nephew, Parkcane C. Hwang, was the founder and manager of the Bank of China in Singapore.

Death and legacy

Evading arrest following the change of ruler of China, Huang fled to his hometown of Jiayingzhou,Template:Sfn where he died on March 28, 1905,Template:Sfn aged 58.Template:Sfn Huang is remembered for saying the famous and often-quoted line when he was twenty years old, "", which roughly means that it is perfectly fine to express one's feelings whenever one feels like it. Huang is credited as the "first Chinese to use the word to mean civilisation", a term which he made use of in one of his poetry works. His body is as of 2013 missing, having been thrown into a dumpster following looting of his tomb. The Huang Zun Xian Foundation, based in Hong Kong, has listed finding the body of Huang as one of its missions.Template:Sfn One source credits Huang as "the first Chinese diplomat and scholar who championed for human rights for the early Chinese migrants",Template:Sfn whilst another exalts him as "one of the most famous authors of late nineteenth-century China".Template:Sfn An exhibition honoring the achievements of Huang was held in January 1991.Template:Sfn It featured artistic depictions of him by some 130 various artists. Huang's former abode in Mei County has been converted into a museum and a local government-promoted tourist destination. It is cited as a "key preservation unit of cultural relic" and an exemplification of the "beauty of the Lingnan-style garden".

See also

• Liang Qichao
• Tan Sitong
• Kang Youwei
• Zhang Zhidong

Bibliography

• Template:Cite ECCP