Caprifoliaceae
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The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species[1] in 33[2] to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.
Description
The flowering plants in this clade are mostly shrubs and vines: rarely herbs. They include some ornamental garden plants grown in temperate regions. The leaves are mostly opposite with no stipules (appendages at the base of a leafstalk or petiole), and may be either evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are tubular funnel-shaped or bell-like, usually with five outward spreading lobes or points, and are often fragrant. They usually form a small calyx with small bracts. The fruit is in most cases a berry or a drupe. The genera Diervilla and Weigela have capsular fruit, while Heptacodium has an achene.
Taxonomy
Views of the family-level classification of the traditionally accepted Caprifoliaceae and other plants in the botanical order Dipsacales have been considerably revised in recent decades. Most botanists now accept the placement of two of the most familiar members of this group, the elderberries (Sambucus) and the viburnums (Viburnum), in the family Adoxaceae instead; these were formerly classified here. 33 genera are currently accepted.[2]
Several other families of the more broadly treated Caprifoliaceae s.l. are separated by some but not all authors; these are treated as subfamilies in the listing of genera below,[1] along with estimated numbers of species.
Subfamily Diervilloideae
- Diervilla Tourn. ex Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bush honeysuckle, 3 species
- Weigela Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 10 species
Subfamily Caprifolioideae s.s.
- Heptacodium RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – seven-son flower, 1 species
- Leycesteria Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 7 species
- Lonicera L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – honeysuckle, 158 species
- Symphoricarpos DuhamelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – snowberry, 15 species
- Triosteum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – horse gentian, 6 species
Subfamily Dipsacoideae[3]
- × Succisoknautia BaksayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 species
- Triplostegia Wall. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 species
- Tribe Bassecoieae
- Bassecoia B.L.BurttScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 3 species
- Tribe Dipsaceae
- Cephalaria Schrad.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 102 species
- Dipsacus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – teasel, 21 species
- Tribe Knautieae
- Knautia L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 55 species
- Tribe Pseudoscabioseae
- Pseudoscabiosa DevesaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 3 species
- Tribe Pterocephalidieae
- Pterocephalidium G.LópezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 species
- Pterothamnus Vaill. ex Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 species
- Tribe Succiseae
- Succisa HallerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - 3 species
- Succisella BeckScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 5 species
Subfamily Scabiosoideae[3]
- Tribe Scabioseae
- Pterocephalus Vaill. ex Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 34 species
- Scabiosa L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – scabious or pincushion flower, 68 species
- Tribe Lomelosieae
- Lomelosia Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 63 species
- Pycnocomon Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 2 species
Subfamily Linnaeoideae
- Abelia R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 6 species
- Diabelia LandreinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 4 species
- Dipelta Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 3 species
- Kolkwitzia Graebn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – beautybush, 1 species
- Linnaea Gronov. ex L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – twinflower, 1 species
- Vesalea M.Martens & GaleottiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 6 species
Subfamily Morinoideae
- Morina L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 14 species
- Zabelia (Rehder) MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 8 species
Subfamily Valerianoideae
- Nardostachys DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 species
- Patrinia Juss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 14 species
- Valeriana L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – valerians, 426 species
- Valerianella Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cornsalads, 28 species
Uses
The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy shrubs or vines of ornamental value, many of which are popular garden shrubs, notably species belonging to the genera Abelia, Lonicera, and Weigela. Valerianella locusta is cultivated for use in food.
A few, however, have become invasive weeds outside their native ranges (such as Lonicera japonica).
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b Mayer, V. and Ehrendorfer, F. (2013), The phylogenetic position of Pterocephalidium and the new African genus Pterothamnus within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae. Taxon, 62: 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.621010
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Other sources
- Flowering Plants of the World, 1987, Vernon H. Heywood, Andromeda Oxford Ltd., Template:ISBN
- Botanica, Gordon Cheers, Random House Australia, Template:ISBN
External links
Template:Angiosperm families Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control