Honeysuckle

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use American English Template:Automatic taxobox

Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus Lonicera (Template:IPAc-en[1]) of the family Caprifoliaceae. The genus includes 158 species[2] native to northern latitudes in North America, Eurasia, and North Africa.[2][3] Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum (common honeysuckle or woodbine), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle, white honeysuckle, or Chinese honeysuckle) and Lonicera sempervirens (coral honeysuckle, trumpet honeysuckle, or woodbine honeysuckle). L. japonica is a highly invasive species considered a significant pest in parts of North America, Europe, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and Africa.[3]

Some species are highly fragrant and colorful, so are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. In North America, hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers, especially L. sempervirens and L. ciliosa (orange honeysuckle). Honeysuckle derives its name from the edible sweet nectar obtainable from its tubular flowers.[4] The name Lonicera stems from Adam Lonicer, a Renaissance botanist.[3]

Description

File:Honeysuckle-2.jpg
Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
File:Wild honeysuckle Bashakill (31658).jpg
Wild honeysuckle buds in New York

Most species of Lonicera are hardy twining climbers, with a minority of shrubby habit.[3] Some species (including Lonicera hildebrandiana from the Himalayan foothills and L. etrusca from the Mediterranean) are tender and can be grown outside only in subtropical zones. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, Template:Convert long; most are deciduous but some are evergreen.

Many of the species have sweetly scented, bilaterally symmetrical flowers that produce a sweet, edible nectar, and most flowers are borne in clusters of two (leading to the common name of "twinberry" for certain North American species). Both shrubby and vining sorts have strongly fibrous stems which have been used for binding and textiles.

The fruit is a red, blue or black spherical or elongated berry containing several seeds; in most species the berries are mildly poisonous, but in a few (notably Lonicera caerulea) they are edible and grown for home use and commerce. Most honeysuckle berries are attractive to wildlife, which has led to species such as L. japonica and L. maackii spreading invasively outside of their home ranges. Many species of Lonicera are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species—see a list of Lepidoptera that feed on honeysuckles.

Invasive species

The spread of L. japonica in North America began in the United States in 1806, and it was widely cultivated by the 1860s.[3] It was first discovered in Canada in Ontario forests in 1976, and became invasive by 2007.[3] L. japonica was introduced in Australia between 1820 and 1840.[3]

Several species of honeysuckle have become invasive when introduced outside their native range, particularly in North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa.[3] Invasive species include L. japonica, L. maackii, L. morrowii, L. tatarica, and the hybrid between the last two, L. × bella.[3]

Cultivation

Honeysuckles are valued as garden plants, for their ability to cover unsightly walls and outbuildings, their profuse tubular flowers in early summer, and the intense fragrance of many varieties. The hardy climbing types need their roots in shade, and their flowering tops in sunlight or very light shade. Varieties need to be chosen with care, as they can become substantial. Cultivars of the dense, small-leaved L. nitida are used as low, narrow hedges.[5]

The following hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[6] Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Other cultivars are dealt with under their species names.

The honeysuckle species L. japonica is grown as a commercial crop for traditional Chinese medicine use.[11]

Honeysuckle is also used to scent Chinese teas in a process similar to Jasmine tea. This was popularized in the Qing dynasty.[12]

Phytochemicals

Component analyses of berries from 27 different cultivars and 3 genotypes of edible honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) showed the presence of iridoids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids.[13] While sugars determine the level of sweetness in the berries, organic acids and polyphenols are responsible for the sour taste and tartness.[13] Some 51 of the same compounds in berries are found in flowers, although the proportions of these compounds varied among cultivars studied.[14]

Interaction with other species

Many insects in the order Lepidoptera visit honeysuckles as a food source. An example of this is the moth Deilephila elpenor. This nocturnal species of moth is especially attracted to honeysuckles, and they visit the flowers at night to feed on their nectar.[15]

Species

158 species are accepted.[2] Template:Div col

  • Lonicera acuminata Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". or Lonicera pampaninii – fragrant grove honeysuckle or vine honeysuckle
  • Lonicera affinis Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera alberti RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera albiflora Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – white honeysuckle
  • Lonicera alpigena L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alpine honeysuckle
  • Lonicera altmannii Regel & Schmalh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera × americana (Mill.) K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera annamensis FukuokaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera arborea Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera arizonica RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Arizona honeysuckle
  • Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera × bella – Bell's honeysuckle or showy fly honeysuckle
  • Lonicera biflora Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera bournei Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera bracteolaris Boiss. & BuhseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera buschiorum Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera caerulea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – blue-berried honeysuckle
  • Lonicera calcarata Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera cambodiana Pierre ex DanguyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera canadensis J.Bartram & W.Bartram ex MarshallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Canada fly honeysuckle, American fly honeysuckle
  • Lonicera caprifolium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – goat-leaf honeysuckle, perfoliate honeysuckle
  • Lonicera caucasica Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera cerasina Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera cerviculata S.S.WhiteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera chamissoi BungeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chrysantha honeysuckle
  • Lonicera ciliosa Poir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – orange honeysuckle
  • Lonicera confusa DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera conjugialis KelloggScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – purpleflower honeysuckle
  • Lonicera crassifolia BatalinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera cyanocarpa Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera deleiensis C.E.C.Fisch. & KaulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera demissa RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera dioica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – limber honeysuckle
  • Lonicera elisae Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera etrusca SantiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Etruscan honeysuckle
  • Lonicera fargesii Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera ferdinandii Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera ferruginea RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera flava SimsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow honeysuckle
  • Lonicera floribunda Boiss. & BuhseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & PaxtonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – winter honeysuckle
  • Lonicera glabrata Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera glehnii F.SchmidtScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera gracilipes Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera griffithii Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera guatemalensis Véliz & E.CarrilloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera guillonii H.Lév. & VaniotScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera gynochlamydea Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera harae MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera × heckrottii – golden flame honeysuckle
  • Lonicera × helvetica BrüggerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera heterotricha Pojark. & ZakirovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera hildebrandiana Collett & Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – giant Burmese honeysuckle
  • Lonicera himalayensis Gand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera hirsuta EatonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – hairy honeysuckle
  • Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Schult.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) F.Dietr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pink honeysuckle
  • Lonicera humilis Kar. & Kir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera hypoleuca Decne.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera iberica M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera iliensis Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera implexa AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera interrupta Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chaparral honeysuckle
  • Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bearberry honeysuckle
  • Lonicera × italica Kütz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera japonica Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Japanese honeysuckle
  • Lonicera kansuensis (Batalin ex Rehder) Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera kawakamii (Hayata) Masam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera korolkowii StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – blueleaf honeysuckle
  • Lonicera kurobushiensis KadotaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera laceana M.P.Nayar & G.S.GiriScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera lanceolata Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera ligustrina Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lonicera ligustrina var. ligustrina
    • Lonicera ligustrina var. pileata (Oliv.) Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn. Lonicera pileata Oliv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – privet honeysuckle
    • Lonicera ligustrina var. yunnanensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn. Lonicera nitida E.H.WilsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – boxleaf honeysuckle
  • Lonicera litangensis BatalinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera longiflora DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera longituba H.T.ChangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Amur honeysuckle
  • Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera magnibracteata M.P.Nayar & G.S.GiriScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera malayana M.R.Hend.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera maximowiczii (Rupr.) RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera mexicana (Kunth) RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera micrantha Trautv. ex RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera minutifolia Kitam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera mochidzukiana MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera modesta RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera morrowii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Morrow's honeysuckle
  • Lonicera mucronata RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera myrtilloides PurpusScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera nervosa Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera nigra L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – black-berried honeysuckle
  • Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & SpachScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera oblata K.S.Hao ex P.S.Hsu & H.J.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera oblongifolia Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – swamp fly honeysuckle
  • Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera olgae Regel & Schmalh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera oreodoxa Harry Sm. ex RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera pamirica Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera paradoxa Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera periclymenum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – (common) honeysuckle, European honeysuckle, or woodbine
  • Lonicera pilosa (Kunth) Steud.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mexican honeysuckle
  • Lonicera praeflorens BatalinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera purpurascens (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera pyrenaica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Pyrenean honeysuckle
  • Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – translucent honeysuckle
  • Lonicera reticulata Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – grape honeysuckle
  • Lonicera retusa Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera robertsonii GambleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera rupicola Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera ruprechtiana RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Manchurian honeysuckle
  • Lonicera × sargentii RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera schmitziana Roezl ex DippelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera semenovii RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera sempervirens L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – trumpet honeysuckle
  • Lonicera setifera Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera siamensis GambleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera similis Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – var. delavayi – Delavay honeysuckle
  • Lonicera sinomacrantha Z.H.Chen, L.X.Ye & X.F.JinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera sovetkinae Tkatsch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacquem. ex Walp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera splendida Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – evergreen honeysuckle
  • Lonicera stabiana Guss. ex Pasq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera stephanocarpa Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera steveniana Fisch. ex Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera strophiophora Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera subaequalis RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera subhispida NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera sublabiata P.S.Hsu & H.J.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera subsessilis RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern honeysuckle
  • Lonicera sumatrana Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera taiwanensis S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tangutica Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tatarica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Tatarian honeysuckle
  • Lonicera tatarinowii Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tolmatchevii Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tomentella Hook.f. & ThomsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tragophylla Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chinese honeysuckle
  • Lonicera tricalysioides C.Y.WuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera trichosantha Bureau & Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tschonoskii Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tubuliflora RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera tulinensis S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera utahensis S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Utah honeysuckle
  • Lonicera uzenensis KadotaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera vaccinioides RehderScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera vidalii Franch. & Sav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain fly honeysuckle
  • Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera xylosteum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fly woodbine
  • Lonicera yunnanensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lonicera zeravshanica Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Div col end

Several fossil species are known from the Miocene of Asia.[16]

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named powo
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  12. ↑ Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The True History of Tea, ch. 9. Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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