Hinduism by country

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File:Countries by percentage of adherents to Hinduism.svg
Percentage of Hindus by country in 2010, according to the Pew Research Center

Template:Hinduism by country

Hinduism has approximately 1.17 billion adherents worldwide (14.9% of the world's population).[1] Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world, behind Christianity (32.8%) and Islam (23.3%).[2] Pew Research Center data shows the global Hindu population grew steadily from 2010 to 2020 and is expected to keep rising. This increase is driven largely by higher fertility rates in India and Nepal and by growing Hindu populations in regions receiving more migrants.[3]

The two Hindu-majority countries are India and Nepal and together account for more than 95% of the Hindu population worldwide.[4] The past two centuries have seen large-scale migration of Hindus from Southeast Asia, to around the world.[5] Countries with more than 500,000 Hindu residents and citizens are (in decreasing order) India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Myanmar, Australia, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates. Global data shows Hinduism is still concentrated in South Asia, but significant communities also exist in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. WorldData.info reports that India holds most of the world’s Hindus, with notable populations in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Indonesia.[6]

There are significant numbers of Hindu enclaves around the world, with many in South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Hinduism is also practiced by the non-Indic people including the Balinese of Bali island (Indonesia), Tengger of Java (Indonesia), the Balamon Chams of Vietnam, and Butuanon people in Philippines. Outside South Asia, Hindu communities often adapt traditional practices to multicultural environments. The Hindu American Foundation notes that diaspora groups modify rituals, language use, and temple organization to meet the needs of diverse generations. [7]

Background

Hinduism is a heterogeneous religion and consists of many schools of thought. Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can be polytheistic, monotheistic, pantheistic, monistic, agnostic, humanist, or atheistic.[8]

Early migration

One of the first major waves of Hindus leaving South Asia was a result of colonialism in India during 19th and early 20th century. Under indenture contracts, many Hindus migrated far across the world to Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad, Mauritius, South Africa, Eastern Africa, Fiji, Burma and Malaysia. These were some of the first countries with Hinduism established outside of the Indian sub-continent, many of which still have a thriving Hindu community today.[5] Migration has played a major role in spreading Hindu communities worldwide. Kramer and Tong report that many Hindu migrants have settled in North America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and East Africa, creating expanding diaspora networks [9]

Demographic estimates

Demographic estimates of Hindu populations by country have been published by the Pew Research Center in 2012,[10] as well as US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006.[11]

By total number, India has the most Hindus. As a percentage, Nepal has the largest percentage of Hindus in the world, followed by India and Mauritius.[12] The Hindu population around the world as of 2020 is about 1.17 billion, making it the world's third-largest religion after Christianity and Islam, of which nearly 1.1 billion Hindus live in India.[1][4][13][14] India contains 94% of the global Hindu population.[15][16] According to a statistical study, an estimated 100 million Hindus live outside of India.[17] In 2010, only two countries in the world had a majority of their population as Hindus – Nepal and India.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In Mauritius, 47.9 percent of the population were Hindu, according to the 2022 census.[18]

By country

Sources used for the table below include the US State Department,[11] the CIA World Factbook,[19] adherents.com, thearda.com,[20][21] and Pew Research Center.[22][23] and as identified.

Hinduism by country
Region Country Hindu total Percentage Total population Census year
South Asia/Central Asia Template:Flagdeco Afghanistan 10,511 0.03%[24][25][26] 35,036,667 -NA-
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Andorra 382 0.5%[27][28] 82,887 2020
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Anguilla 58 0.4%[29] 13,452 2011
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Antigua and Barbuda 379 0.4%[30] 81,799 -NA-
South America Template:Flagdeco Argentina 4,000+ 0.01%[31] 40,301,927 -NA-
Oceania Template:Flagdeco Australia 684,000 2.7%[32] 23,401,400 2021
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Austria 11,000 0.1%[33] 8,900,000
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Bahrain 7,000 – 144,286Template:Refn <1%–9.8%[34]Template:Refn 708,573
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Bangladesh 13,100,000 7.9%[35][36] 165,000,000 2022
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Barbados 1,055 0.46%[37] 226,193
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Belgium 6,235 0.06%[38] 10,392,226
Central America and Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Belize 612 0.2%[39] 294,385
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Bhutan 185,700 22.6%–25%[40][41] 742,737
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Botswana 3,353 0.3%[42] 1,372,675
South America Template:Flagdeco Brazil 5,675–9,500 0.0029%[43]–0.01% 192,755,799
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Brunei 131 0.035%[44] 374,577
West Africa Template:Flagdeco Burkina Faso 150 0.001%Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 14,326,203
Central Africa Template:Flagdeco Burundi 8,391 0.1%[45][46] 8,390,505
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Cambodia 41,988 0.3%[47][48] 13,995,904
North America Template:Flagdeco Canada 828,200 2.3%[49] 36,990,141 2021
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Czech Republic 2,404 0.023%[50] 10,436,560
East Asia Template:Flagdeco China 20,000[51] <0.1%[52] 1,412,600,000
South America Template:Flagdeco Colombia 8,876 0.02%[53] 44,379,598
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Comoros 711 0.1%(approx)
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 		711,417
Central Africa Template:Flagdeco Congo (Kinshasa) 30,000[23] 0.18%[23] 65,751,512
Balkans Template:Flagdeco Croatia 449 0.01% (approx)[54] 4,493,312
North America Template:Flagdeco Cuba 23,927 0.21%[55] 11,394,043
West Africa Template:Flagdeco Côte d'Ivoire 18,013 0.1%[56][57] 18,013,409
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Cyprus 4,640 0.4%[58] 1,160,987 2015
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Denmark 5,468 0.1%[59][60] 5,468,120
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Djibouti 99 0.02%[61] 496,374
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Dominica 145 0.2%[62] 72,386
North Africa Template:Flagdeco Egypt 2,700 0.003%[63] 82,761,244 2010
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Eritrea 4,907 0.1% (approx)[64] 4,906,585
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Estonia 295 0.027%[65] 1,094,564
Oceania Template:Flagdeco Fiji 261,136 27.9%[66][67] 935,974
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Finland 5,000 0.1%[68] 5,238,460
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco France 121,000 0.2%[69] 63,718,187
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Georgia 465 0.01% (approx)[70] 4,646,003
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Germany 130,000 0.15% (approx)[71] 82,660,000
West Africa Template:Flagdeco Ghana 12,500 0.05% (approx)[72] 22,931,299
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Gibraltar 628 2.0%[73] 32,194
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Grenada 630 0.7%[74] 89,971
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Guadeloupe 2,300 0.5%[75] 460,000
South America and Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Guyana 190,966 24.9%[76] 769,095
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Hungary 3,307[77][78][79] 0.03% 9,603,634 2022
South Asia Template:Flagdeco India 1,053,000,000 79.8%[80][81][82] 1,320,000,000 (2011 Census)
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Indonesia 4,679,053[83] 1.71%[83] 273,873,000 2021
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Iran 20,000[23] <0.1[23] 65,397,521
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Ireland 14,300 0.30%[84] 4,761,865 2016
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Israel c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".500–1,400 0.01%[85] 9,412,850 2020
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Italy 108,950 0.2% (approx)[86] 60,418,000
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Jamaica 1,836 0.07%[87] 2,780,132
East Asia Template:Flagdeco Japan 30,000[23] <0.1[23] 127,433,494
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Jordan 10,185 0.1[88] 10,185,500 2020
Central Asia Template:Flagdeco Kazakhstan 1,878 0.01%[89] 18,632,000 2020
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Kenya 60,000[23] 0.1%[23] 37,000,000
East Asia Template:Flagdeco Korea, South 12,452 0.015% (approx) 49,044,790
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Kuwait 300,667Template:Refn 12%[90] 2,505,559
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Latvia 179 0.012%[91] 1,481,823
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Lebanon 4,926 0.1% (approx)[92] 4,925,502
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Lithuania 344 0.01%[93] 2,561,000
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Lesotho 2,125 0.1% (approx)[94][95] 2,125,262
West Africa Template:Flagdeco Liberia 3,196 0.1% (approx)[96] 3,195,931
North Africa Template:Flagdeco Libya 6,037 0.1%[97][98] 6,036,914
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Luxembourg 336 0.07% (approx)[99] 480,222
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Madagascar 19,449 0.1%[100][101] 19,448,815
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Malawi 2,721 – 2,726 0.02%[102] – 0.2%[103] 13,603,181
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Malaysia 1,949,850 6.3%[104][105] 30,949,962
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Martinique 1,317 0.3%[106] 439,202
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Maldives 37 0.01%[107] 369,031
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Mauritius 474,000 39%[18] 1,261,000 2022
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Moldova 433 0.01% (approx)[108] 3,200,000
North Africa Template:Flagdeco Morocco 200 0.0006[109] 32,781,860 2011
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Mozambique 10,453 – 41,811 0.05%[110] – 0.2%[111] 20,905,585
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Myanmar 252,763[112] 0.5%[113] 50,279,900[114] 2014
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Nepal 23,677,744 81.19%[115] 29,164,578[116] 2021
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Netherlands 96,110 – 200,000 0.58%[117] – 1.20%[118] 16,570,613
Oceania Template:Flagdeco New Zealand 144,753 2.9%[119] 4,115,771
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Norway 23,140 0.5% 4,627,926
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Oman 96,147 – 182,679 3%[120] – 5.7%[121] 3,204,897
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Pakistan 5,217,216 2.17%[122] 240,458,089 2023
Central America Template:Flagdeco Panama 9,726 0.3%[123][124] 3,242,173
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Philippines 32,711[20] <0.1%[20] 102,000,000[125][126]
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Portugal 7,396 0.07% 10,642,836
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Poland 2,421 0.008%[127] 30,575,000
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Puerto Rico 3,550 0.09%[128] 3,944,259
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Qatar 422,118 15.1%[129] 2,795,484[130] 2020
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Réunion 55,409 6.7%[131] 927,000
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Russia 143,000 0.1%[132] 141,377,752
Oceania Template:Flagdeco Samoa 38 0.02% (approx) 187,429
Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Flagdeco Saint Kitts and Nevis 860 1.82%[133] 47,195 2011
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Saudi Arabia 303,611Template:Refn 0.6%[134] – 1.1%[135] 27,601,038
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Seychelles 5,508 5.4%[136][137] 102,812 2022
West Africa Template:Flagdeco Sierra Leone 2,458 – 6,145 0.04%[138] – 0.1%[139] 6,144,562
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Singapore 280,000 5.0%[140][141] 5,600,000 2011
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Slovakia 5,448 0.1% (approx)
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 		5,447,502
Central Europe Template:Flagdeco Slovenia 500 0.025% (approx)
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 		2,009,245
Eastern Africa Template:Flagdeco Somalia 8,278 0.06%[142] 13,797,204 2015
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco South Africa 505,000 0.9%[143]-1.1%[23] 49,991,300
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Spain 75,000 0.11%[144] 48,692,804 2024
South Asia Template:Flagdeco Sri Lanka 2,671,000 12.6%[145] 21,200,000 2011
South America and Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Suriname 120,623 – 128,995 22.3%[146] – 27.4%[147] 470,784
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Eswatini 1,700 – 2,266 0.15%[148] – 0.2%[149] 1,133,066
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Sweden 7,044 – 10,837 0.078% – 0.12%[150] 9,031,088
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco Switzerland 28,708-50,000[151][152] 0.38%[153][154]-0.6%[155] 7,554,661
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Tanzania 50,000[156] 0.11%[156] 39,384,223
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco Trinidad and Tobago 240,100 18.2%[157][158][159] 1,056,608 2011
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Thailand 65,000 0.1%[160] 65,068,149
Oceania Template:Flagdeco Tonga 100 0.1%[161] 103,043
North Africa Template:Flagdeco Tunisia 120 0.001%[162] 11,303,942 2016
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Turkey 843 0.001%[163] 83,614,362 2020
Eastern Europe Template:Flagdeco Ukraine 42,386 0.1%[164] 42,386,400
East Africa Template:Flagdeco Uganda 100,000[52] 0.3%[52] 38,225,447
Middle East Template:Flagdeco United Arab Emirates 490,000Template:Refn 5 - 20%[165] 9,682,000
Western Europe Template:Flagdeco United Kingdom 1,020,000 1.7%[166][167] 60,776,238 2017
North America Template:Flagdeco United States 3,338,210 1.0%[168] 332,000,000 2020
Caribbean Template:Flagdeco United States Virgin Islands 528 1.9%[169] 28,054
Central Asia Template:Flagdeco Uzbekistan 895[163] 0.0025% 34,558,900 2020
Southeast Asia Template:Flagdeco Vietnam 70,000 0.07% 85,262,356
Middle East Template:Flagdeco Yemen 155,614 0.7%[170] 22,230,531
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Zambia 16,068 0.14%[171][172] 11,477,447
Southern Africa Template:Flagdeco Zimbabwe 3,000 0.02% 12,311,143
Total 1,120,000,000 14.9%[173] 7,500,000,000

By region

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These percentages were calculated by using the above numbers. The first percentage, in the 4th column, is the percentage of the population that is Hindu in a specific region (Hindus in the region * 100/total population of the region). The last column shows the Hindu percentage compared to the total Hindu population of the world (Hindus in the region * 100/total Hindu population of the world). The historical development of Hinduism in India and Nepal continues to influence how the religion is viewed and practiced globally. Williams and Moktan note that political and cultural traditions in these countries shape modern Hindu identity beyond South Asia [174]

(Note: Egypt, Sudan, and other Arab Maghreb countries are counted as part of North Africa, not the Middle East).

Hinduism in Africa
Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
Central Africa 193,121,055 N/A N/A N/A
East Africa 193,741,900 667,694 0.345% 0.071%
North Africa 202,151,323 5,765 0.003% 0.001%
Southern Africa 137,092,019 1,269,844 0.926% 0.135%
West Africa 268,997,245 70,402 0.026% 0.007%
Total 885,103,542 2,013,705 0.225% 0.213%
Hinduism in Asia
Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
Central Asia 92,019,166 149,644 0.163% 0.016%
East Asia 1,527,960,261 130,631 0.009% 0.014%
West Asia 274,775,527 3,187,673 1.5% 0.084%
South Asia 1,437,326,682 1,068,728,901 70.05% 98.475%
Southeast Asia 571,337,070 6,386,614 1.118% 0.677%
Total 3,903,418,706 1,074,728,901 26.01% 99.266%
Hinduism in Europe
Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
Balkans 65,407,609 449 0.001% 0.001%
Central Europe 74,510,241 163 0% 0%
Eastern Europe 212,821,296 717,101 0.337% 0.076%
Western Europe 375,832,557 1,313,640 0.348% 0.138%
Total 728,571,703 2,030,904 0.278% 0.214%
Hinduism in the Americas
Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
Caribbean 24,898,266 279,515 1.123% 0.030%
Central America 41,135,205 5,833 0.014% 0.006%
North America 446,088,748 2,131,127 0.478% 0.191%
South America 371,075,531 389,869 0.105% 0.041%
Total 883,197,750 2,806,344 0.281% 0.263%
Hinduism in Oceania
Region Total Population Hindus % of Hindus % of Hindu total
Oceania 38,552,683 791,615 2.053% 0.071%
Total 38,552,683 791,615 2.053% 0.071%

See also

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Notes

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References

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  8. ↑ Julius J. Lipner, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, Template:ISBN, page 8; Quote: “(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu".; MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism Template:Webarchive, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."
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  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ 2012 Suriname Census Definitive Results Template:Webarchive. Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek – Suriname.
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ a b Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers Template:Webarchive Pew Research Center (2012)
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ a b The ARDA website, retrieved 2024-04-29
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Web-sources

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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