High courts of India
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Template:Redirect category shell The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especially[1] by the constitution, a state law or union law.
The work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also the original jurisdiction of a high court.
Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district judge and a session judge. He is known as the district judge when he presides over a civil case and the session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India, including high courts – are bound by the judgements and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.
Judges in a high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217, Chapter Five of Part VI of the Constitution, but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the appointment process is on the hands of the Judicial Collegium. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court, whichever is higher.
The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, brought into existence on 14 May 1862.[2] High courts that handle numerous cases of a particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bangalore-based N.G.O, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.[3]
The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco ensemble of Mumbai) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of the architectural work of Le Corbusier) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The high courts are substantially different from and should not be confused with the state courts of other federations, in that the Constitution of India includes detailed provisions for the uniform organisation and operation of all high courts.[4] In other federations like the United States, state courts are formed under the constitutions of the separate states and as a result vary greatly from state to state.[4]
High courts
The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est. 1862), Bombay High Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866), and Bangalore High Court (now Karnataka High Court) in Bengaluru (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra High Court and Telangana High Court are the newest high courts, established on 1 January 2019 according to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned, and the presiding chief justice of the high court:
| # | Court | Established | Act | Jurisdiction | Principal seat | Bench(es) | Judges | Chief justice | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Allahabad High Court[5] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Indian High Courts Act 1861 | Uttar Pradesh | Prayagraj | LucknowTemplate:Efn-ua | 160 | 119 | 41 | Arun Bhansali |
| 2 | Andhra Pradesh High Court[6] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 | Andhra Pradesh | Amaravati | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
37 | 28 | 9 | Dhiraj Singh Thakur |
| 3 | Bombay High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Indian High Courts Act 1861 | Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra | Mumbai | Aurangabad,Template:Efn-ua Nagpur,Template:Efn-ua PanajiTemplate:Efn-ua | 94 | 71 | 23 | Alok Aradhe |
| 4 | Calcutta High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Indian High Courts Act 1861 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal | Kolkata | Port BlairTemplate:Efn-ua JalpaiguriTemplate:Efn-ua |
98 | 78 | 28 | T. S. Sivagnanam |
| 5 | Chhattisgarh High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Chhattisgarh | Bilaspur | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
22 | 17 | 5 | Ramesh Sinha |
| 6 | Delhi High Court[7] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Delhi High Court Act, 1966 | Delhi | New Delhi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
60 | 46 | 14 | Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya |
| 7 | Gauhati High Court[8] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Government of India Act 1935 | Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland | Guwahati | Aizawl,Template:Efn-ua Itanagar,Template:Efn-ua KohimaTemplate:Efn-ua | 30 | 22 | 8 | Vijay Bishnoi |
| 8 | Gujarat High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 | Gujarat | Ahmedabad | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
52 | 39 | 13 | Sunita Agarwal |
| 9 | Himachal Pradesh High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 | Himachal Pradesh | Shimla | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
17 | 13 | 4 | Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia |
| 10 | Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court[9][10] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Letters Patent issued by then Maharaja of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 | Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh | Srinagar/JammuTemplate:Efn-ua | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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17 | 13 | 4 | Arun Palli |
| 11 | Jharkhand High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Jharkhand | Ranchi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
25 | 20 | 5 | M. S. Ramachandra Rao |
| 12 | Karnataka High Court[11] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Mysore High Court Act, 1884 | Karnataka | Bengaluru | Dharwad,Template:Efn-ua KalaburagiTemplate:Efn-ua | 62 | 47 | 15 | Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria |
| 13 | Kerala High Court[12] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | States Reorganisation Act, 1956 | Kerala, Lakshadweep | Kochi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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47 | 35 | 12 | Nitin Madhukar Jamdar |
| 14 | Madhya Pradesh High Court[13] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Government of India Act 1935 | Madhya Pradesh | Jabalpur | Gwalior,Template:Efn-ua IndoreTemplate:Efn-ua | 53 | 39 | 14 | Suresh Kumar Kait |
| 15 | Madras High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Indian High Courts Act 1861 | Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu | Chennai | MaduraiTemplate:Efn-ua | 75 | 56 | 19 | K. R. Shriram |
| 16 | Manipur High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 | Manipur | Imphal | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
5 | 4 | 1 | D. Krishnakumar |
| 17 | Meghalaya High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 | Meghalaya | Shillong | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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4 | 3 | 1 | Indra Prasanna Mukerji |
| 18 | Orissa High Court[14] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Orissa High Court Ordinance, 1948 | Odisha | Cuttack | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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33 | 24 | 9 | Harish Tandon |
| 19 | Patna High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Letters Patent issued by then British Crown | Bihar | Patna | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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53 | 40 | 13 | Ashutosh Kumar (Acting) |
| 20 | Punjab and Haryana High Court[15] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Punjab High Court Ordinance, 1947 | Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab | Chandigarh | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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85 | 64 | 21 | Sheel Nagu |
| 21 | Rajasthan High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949 | Rajasthan | Jodhpur | JaipurTemplate:Efn-ua | 50 | 38 | 12 | Manindra Mohan Shrivastava |
| 22 | Sikkim High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | The 36th Amendment to the Indian Constitution | Sikkim | Gangtok | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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3 | 3 | 0 | Biswanath Somadder |
| 23 | Telangana High Court[16] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 | Telangana | Hyderabad | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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42 | 32 | 10 | Sujoy Paul (Acting) |
| 24 | Tripura High Court | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012 | Tripura | Agartala | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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5 | 4 | 1 | Aparesh Kumar Singh |
| 25 | Uttarakhand High Court[17] | Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". | Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Uttarakhand | Nainital | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
|
11 | 9 | 2 | Guhanathan Narendar |
| Total | 1114 | 840 | 274 | - | ||||||
High courts by states/union territories
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| State/UT | Court | Principal seat | Bench(es) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Calcutta High Court | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Port BlairTemplate:Efn |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Gauhati High Court | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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ItanagarTemplate:Efn |
| Andhra Pradesh | Andhra Pradesh High Court | Amaravati | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Assam | Gauhati High Court | Guwahati | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Bihar | Patna High Court | Patna | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Chandigarh | Punjab and Haryana High Court | Chandigarh | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Chhattisgarh | Chhattisgarh High Court | Bilaspur | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | Bombay High Court | Mumbai | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Delhi | Delhi High Court | New Delhi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Goa | Bombay High Court | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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PanajiTemplate:Efn |
| Gujarat | Gujarat High Court | Ahmedabad | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Haryana | Punjab and Haryana High Court | Chandigarh | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Himachal Pradesh | Himachal Pradesh High Court | Shimla | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Jammu and Kashmir | Jammu and Kashmir High Court | Srinagar/JammuTemplate:Efn | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Jharkhand | Jharkhand High Court | Ranchi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Karnataka | Karnataka High Court | Bengaluru | DharwadTemplate:Efn and KalaburagiTemplate:Efn |
| Kerala | Kerala High Court | Kochi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Ladakh | Jammu and Kashmir High Court | Srinagar/JammuTemplate:Efn | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Lakshadweep | Kerala High Court | Kochi | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh High Court | Jabalpur | GwaliorTemplate:Efn and IndoreTemplate:Efn |
| Maharashtra | Bombay High Court | Mumbai | AurangabadTemplate:Efn and NagpurTemplate:Efn |
| Manipur | Manipur High Court | Imphal | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Meghalaya | Meghalaya High Court | Shillong | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Mizoram | Gauhati High Court | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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AizawlTemplate:Efn |
| Nagaland | Gauhati High Court | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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KohimaTemplate:Efn |
| Odisha | Orissa High Court | Cuttack | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Puducherry | Madras High Court | Chennai | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Punjab | Punjab and Haryana High Court | Chandigarh | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Rajasthan | Rajasthan High Court | Jodhpur | JaipurTemplate:Efn |
| Sikkim | Sikkim High Court | Gangtok | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Tamil Nadu | Madras High Court | Chennai | MaduraiTemplate:Efn |
| Telangana | Telangana High Court | Hyderabad | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Tripura | Tripura High Court | Agartala | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| Uttar Pradesh | Allahabad High Court | Allahabad | LucknowTemplate:Efn |
| Uttarakhand | Uttaranchal High Court | Nainital | — Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| West Bengal | Calcutta High Court | Kolkata | JalpaiguriTemplate:Efn |
Courts under a high court
- District Court
- District Munsiff Court
- Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
- Court of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
- E-courts
See also
- List of current Indian chief justices
- List of sitting judges of the high courts of India
- Pendency of court cases in India
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ A Brief History about Calcutta High Court
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- ↑ Originally established at Agra, it shifted to Allahabad in 1875.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Lahore High Court was established at Lahore on 21 March 1919 and had jurisdiction over undivided Punjab and Delhi. On 11 August 1947 a separate Punjab High Court was created with its seat at Simla under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was designated as the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh. The Delhi High Court was established on 31 October 1966 with its seat at Simla which was later shifted to New Delhi in 1971 after the Himachal Pradesh was granted the statehood with its own High Court at Simla.
- ↑ Originally known as the High Court of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland, it was renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971.
- ↑ Originally, known as the Jammu and Kashmir High Court. But Jammu and Kashmir having been bifurcated into two union territories, since the reorganization of the state, the court was renamed as the High Court of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh in July 2021.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Originally known as Mysore High Court, it was renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1974.
- ↑ The High Court of Travancore-Cochin was inaugurated at Kochi on 7 July 1949. The state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. That Act abolished the Travancore-Cochin High Court and created the Kerala High Court. The Act also extended the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court to Lakshadweep.
- ↑ Under the Government of India Act 1935, a High Court was established at Nagpur for the Central Provinces by Letters Patent dated 2 January 1936. After the reorganization of states, this High Court was moved to Jabalpur in 1956.
- ↑ Though the State of Orissa was renamed Odisha in March 2011, the Orissa High Court retained its original name. There has been an ongoing discussion on how to legally change the nomenclature of the High Courts to reflect the renaming of states, but so far none has changed.
- ↑ Originally known as Punjab High Court, it was renamed as Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1966.
- ↑ Originally known as Andhra Pradesh High Court, and it was established on 5 November 1956 but it was renamed as High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in 2014, renamed again as Telangana High Court on 20 April 1920.
- ↑ Originally known as Uttaranchal High Court, it was renamed as Uttarakhand High Court in 2007.
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Further reading
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External links
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