Helianthemum
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Helianthemum (Template:IPAc-en),[1] known as rock rose, sunrose, rushrose, or frostweed,[2] is a genus of about 110[3] species of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.[3]
New World species formerly classified as Helianthemum have been transferred to genus Crocanthemum.[4][5]
Description
These are usually shrubs or subshrubs, and some are herbaceous annuals or perennials. The leaves are oppositely arranged, but some plants may have alternately arranged leaves along the upper stems. The flowers are solitary or borne in an array of inflorescence types, such as panicles, racemes, or headlike clusters. The flower has three inner sepals and two smaller outer sepals. It has five petals usually in shades of yellow, orange, or pink. The style at the center is tipped with a large stigma. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds.[3]
Ecology
Helianthemum are known to form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi. In the Mediterranean they are associated with Terfeziaceae, the desert truffles. Together, plant and fungus may have a beneficial effect on the arid local landscapes, preventing soil erosion and desertification. Some symbiotic pairs include Helianthemum salicifolium and the truffle Tirmania nivea, and H. guttatum and T. pinoyi.[6]
One of the most commonly observed mycorrhizae on Helianthemum is a member of a different family, Cenococcum geophilum. This fungus is not host-specific, and it often associates with oaks, as well. Some studies suggest that Helianthemum and oaks growing together in a habitat may "share" their mycorrhizae.[7]
Helianthemum are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the large grizzled skipper and the silver-studded blue.[8] The leaf miners Bucculatrix helianthemi and B. regaella both feed exclusively on Helianthemum sessiliflorum, as does Coleophora eupreta. C. ochrea is limited to Helianthemum, and C. bilineella and C. potentillae have been observed on the genus.
Cultivation
Several Helianthemum species, and the numerous hybrids and cultivars derived from them, are widely grown as ornamental plants, popular in rockeries. A broader range of colours is available among the cultivars, including bright salmon-pink to dark red. They are best grown in well-draining soil in full sun, and have a long flowering period from spring to summer.[9] Numerous cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[10]
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Species
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112 species are accepted.[19]
- Helianthemum abelardoi AlcarazScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum aganae Marrero Rodr. & R.MesaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum aguloi Marrero Rodr. & R.MesaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum almeriense PauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum alypoides Losa & Rivas GodayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum angustatum PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum antitauricum P.H.Davis & CoodeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – white rockrose
- Helianthemum × asperilanceolatum Mateo, García Cardo & Mart.LabargaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum asperum Lag. ex DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum assadii F.Ghahrem. & GholamianScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum baschkirorum (Juz. ex Kupat.) Juz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum bilyanense Serra, J.C.Hern., M.Á.Alonso & M.B.CrespoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum bramwelliorum Marrero Rodr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum broussonetii DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum buschii (Palib.) Juz. & PozdeevaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum bystropogophyllum Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum canariense (Jacq.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum canum (L.) Hornem.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum capralense Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × carmen-joanae Mansanet & MateuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × carolipaui Cuatrec.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum cinereoflavescens Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum cirae A.SantosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ciscaucasicum Juz. & PozdeevaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum citrinum Ghaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × conchitae Socorro & ArozaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum concolor (L.Riley) J.G.OrtegaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum confertum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × coronadoi MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum coulteri S.WatsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum crassifolium Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × crespoi MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum croceum (Desf.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum cylindrifolium Verdc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum dagestanicum Rupr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum dianicum Pérez Dacosta, M.B.Crespo & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × digeneum Rouy & FoucaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × doumerguei FaureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum edetanum Mateo, Fabado & C.TorresScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ellipticum (Desf.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum eriocephalum PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × fabadoi MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × finestratense Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum geniorum MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum germanicopolitanum Bornm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum getulum PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum glaucescens (Murb.) TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum gonzalezferreri Marrero Rodr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum gorgoneum WebbScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum grosii Pau & Font QuerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum guerrae Sánchez-Gómez, J.S.Carrion & M.A.CarriónScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × guiraoi Willk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum hadedense ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × heerii BrüggerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum henriquezii Rebolé, A.Acev.-Rodr. & García GarcíaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum hirtum (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × hispidum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum hymettium Boiss. & Heldr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum inaguae Marrero Rodr., Gonz.-Mart. & F.GonzálezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum juliae WildpretScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum kahiricum DelileScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum kotschyanum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × lagunae MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum leptophyllum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum linii A.SantosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × lucentinum M.B.Crespo & J.C.CristóbalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum lunulatum (All.) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × mansanetianum MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × mariano-salvatoris Alcaraz & al.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum marifolium (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum maritimum PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum marminorense Alcaraz, Peinado & Mart.ParrasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum marmoreum Stevan., Matevski & Kit TanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum mathezii DobignardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × monspessulanum Rouy & FoucaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × montis-bovis MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum morisianum Bertol.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum motae Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez & J.B.VeraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × moyense Mateo, García Cardo & Mart.LabargaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × murbeckii FaureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum neopiliferum Muñoz Garm. & C.NavarroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – common rockrose
- Helianthemum obtusifolium DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alpine rockrose, hoary rockrose (syn. Helianthemum montanum)
- Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre (syn. H. alpestre)
- Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. italicum (syn. H. italicum)
- Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. oelandicum
- Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. orientale (syn. H. orientale)
- Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. rupifragum (syn. H. rupifragum)
- Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ordosicum Y.Z.Zhao, Zong Y.Zhu & R.CaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum origanifolium (Lam.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum pannosum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum papillare Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum patens Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum pergamaceum PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × petrerense Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum polyanthum (Desf.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum polygonoides Peinado, Mart.Parras, Alcaraz & EspuelasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum pomeridianum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × protodianicum J.M.Aparicio, Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × pseudodianicum Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum pugae CalderónScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum raskebdanae M.A.Alonso, M.B.Crespo, Juan & L.SáezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × rigualii M.B.Crespo & J.C.CristóbalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum rossmaessleri Willk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum rotundifolium DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ruficomum (Viv.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum sancti-antoni Schweinf. ex Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum sanguineum (Lag.) DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum sauvagei RaynaudScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum schweinfurthii GrosserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum scopulicola L.Sáez, Rosselló & AlomarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum sicanorum Brullo, Giusso & Sciandr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum sinuspersicum Gholamian & F.Ghahrem.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum somalense J.B.GillettScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum speciosum ThulinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum squamatum (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum stipulatum (Forssk.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum strickeri GrosserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × subhispidulum Faure & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × subviscosum Faure & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × sulphureum Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum supramontanum ArrigoniScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum syriacum (Jacq.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum syrticum (Viv.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum teneriffae Coss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum tholiforme Bramwell, J.Ortega & B.NavarroScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum thymiphyllum Svent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × triregnorum MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum ventosum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum violaceum (Cav.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum virgatum (Desf.) Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum viscarium Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum viscidulum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum × xixonense Pérez Dacosta & MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Helianthemum zheguliense Juz. ex TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
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- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. 606–07.
- ↑ Helianthemum. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ↑ a b c Helianthemum. Flora of China.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Sorrie, B. A. (2011). Transfer of North American Helianthemum to Crocanthemum (Cistaceae): New combinations.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Phytologia 93(2), 270-71.
- ↑ Díez, J., et al. (2002). Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania), host specificity and edaphic tolerance. Mycologia 94(2), 247-59.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".