Hayabusa2

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Italic title Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox spaceflight

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is an asteroid sample-return mission operated by the Japanese state space agency JAXA. It is a successor to the Hayabusa mission, which returned asteroid samples for the first time in June 2010.[1] Hayabusa2 was launched on 3 December 2014 and rendezvoused in space with near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 27 June 2018.[2] It surveyed the asteroid for a year and a half and took samples. It left the asteroid in November 2019 and returned the samples to Earth on 5 December 2020 UTC.[3][4][5] Its mission has now been extended through at least 2031, when it will rendezvous with the small, rapidly-rotating asteroid Template:Mpl.

Hayabusa2 carries multiple science payloads for remote sensing and sampling, and four small rovers to investigate the asteroid surface and analyze the environmental and geological context of the samples collected.

Mission overview

File:Mission overview of Hayabusa2 and MASCOT.webm
Hayabusa2 mission overview animation
File:.Animation of Hayabusa2 orbit.gif
Animation of Hayabusa2 orbit from 3 December 2014
#REDIRECT Template:Legend inline #REDIRECT Template:Legend inline #REDIRECT Template:Legend inline #REDIRECT Template:Legend inline
See detailed video including the extended mission

Asteroid 162173 Ryugu (formerly designated Template:Mp) is a primitive carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid. Carbonaceous asteroids are thought to preserve the most pristine, untainted materials in the Solar System, a mixture of minerals, ice, and organic compounds that interact with each other.[6] Studying it is expected to provide additional knowledge on the origin and evolution of the inner planets and, in particular, the origin of water and organic compounds on Earth,[6][7] all relevant to the origin of life on Earth.[8]

Initially, launch was planned for 30 November 2014,[9][10][11] but was delayed to 3 December 2014 at 04:22:04 UTC (3 December 2014, 13:22:04 local time) on a H-IIA launch vehicle.[12] Hayabusa2 launched together with PROCYON asteroid flyby space probe. PROCYON's mission was a failure. Hayabusa2 arrived at Ryugu on 27 June 2018,[2] where it surveyed the asteroid for a year and a half and collected samples.[6] It departed the asteroid in November 2019 and returned the samples to Earth in December 2020.[11]

Compared to the previous Hayabusa mission, the spacecraft features improved ion engines, guidance and navigation technology, antennas, and attitude control systems.[13] A kinetic penetrator (a high-explosive shaped charge) was shot into the asteroid surface to expose pristine sample material which was later collected for return to Earth.[7][11]

Funding and history

Following the initial success of Hayabusa, JAXA began studying a potential successor mission in 2007.[14] In July 2009, Makoto Yoshikawa of JAXA presented a proposal titled "Hayabusa Follow-on Asteroid Sample Return Missions". In August 2010, JAXA obtained approval from the Japanese government to begin development of Hayabusa2. The cost of the project estimated in 2010 was 16.4 billion yen (US$Template:Error).[1][15]

Hayabusa2 was launched on 3 December 2014, arrived at asteroid Ryugu on 27 June 2018, and remained stationary at a distance of about Template:Cvt to study and map the asteroid. In the week of 16 July 2018, commands were sent to move to a lower hovering altitude.[16]

On 21 September 2018, the Hayabusa2 spacecraft ejected the first two rovers, Rover-1A (HIBOU)[17] and Rover-1B (OWL), from about a Template:Cvt altitude that dropped independently to the surface of the asteroid.[18][19] They functioned nominally and transmitted data.[20] The MASCOT rover deployed successfully on 3 October 2018 and operated for about 16 hours as planned.[21]

The first sample collection was scheduled to start in late October 2018, but the rovers encountered a landscape with large and small boulders but no surface soil for sampling. Therefore, it was decided to postpone the sample collection plans to 2019 and further evaluate various options for the landing.[22][23] The first surface sample retrieval took place on 21 February 2019. On 5 April 2019, Hayabusa2 released an impactor to create an artificial crater on the asteroid surface. However, Hayabusa2 initially failed on 14 May 2019 to drop special reflective markers necessary onto the surface for guiding the descent and sampling processes,[24] but later it successfully dropped one from an altitude of Template:Cvt on 4 June 2019.[25] The sub-surface sampling took place on 11 July 2019.[26] The spacecraft departed the asteroid on 13 November 2019 (with departure command sent at 01:05 UTC on 13 November 2019). It successfully delivered the samples back to Earth on 6 December 2020 (JST), dropping the contents by parachute in a special container at a location in southern Australia. The samples were retrieved the same day for secure transport back to the JAXA labs in Japan.[3][27][28]

Spacecraft

Hayabusa2 Performance[29][30]
Propulsion
μ10 ion thruster
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Number of thrusters
4 (one is a spare)
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Total thrust (ion drive)
28 mN
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Specific impulse (Isp)
3000 seconds
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Acceleration
49 μm/s2
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Power
1250 W
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Spacecraft wet mass
600 kg
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Ion engine system
dry mass
66 kg
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Ion engine system
wet mass
155 kg
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Solar array
23 kg
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Xenon propellant
66 kg
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Hydrazine/MON-3 propellant
48 kg
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Thrust (chemical propellants)
20 N
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The design of Hayabusa2 is based on the first Hayabusa spacecraft, with some improvements.[6][31] It has a mass of Script error: No such module "convert". including fuel,[31] and electric power is generated by two sets of solar arrays with an output of 2.6 kW at 1 AU, and 1.4 kW at 1.4 AU.[31] The power is stored in eleven inline-mounted 13.2 Ah lithium-ion batteries.[31]

Propulsion

The spacecraft features four solar-electric ion thrusters for propulsion called μ10,[29] one of which is a backup. These engines use microwaves to convert xenon into plasma (ions), which are accelerated by a voltage applied by the solar panels and ejected out the back of the engine. The simultaneous operation of three engines generates thrusts of up to 28 mN.[31] Although this thrust is very small, the engines are also extremely efficient; the Template:Cvt of xenon[29] reaction mass can change the speed of the spacecraft by up to 2 km/s.[31]

The spacecraft has four redundant reaction wheels and a chemical reaction control system featuring twelve thrusters for attitude control (orientation) and orbital control at the asteroid.[29][31] The chemical thrusters use hydrazine and MON-3, with a total mass of Template:Cvt of chemical propellant.[31]

Communication

The primary contractor NEC built the Template:Cvt spacecraft, its Ka-band communications system and a mid-infrared camera.[13] The spacecraft has two high-gain directional antennas for X-band and Ka-band.[29] Bit rates are 8 bit/s to 32 kbit/s.[31] The ground stations are the Usuda Deep Space Center, Uchinoura Space Center, NASA Deep Space Network and Malargüe Station (ESA).[31]

Navigation

The optical navigation camera telescope (ONC-T) is a telescopic framing camera with seven colors to optically navigate the spacecraft.[32] It works in synergy with the optical navigation camera wide-field (ONC-W2) and with two star trackers.[31]

In order to descend to the asteroid surface to perform sampling, the spacecraft released one of five target markers in the selected landing zones as artificial guide marks, with highly reflective outer material that is recognized by a strobe light mounted on the spacecraft.[31] The spacecraft also used its laser altimeter and ranging (LIDAR) as well as Ground Control Point Navigation (GCP-NAV) sensors during sampling.[31]

Firsts

The Hayabusa2 spacecraft was the first to deploy operating rovers on an asteroid.

Science payload

File:20190605 hayabusa-diagram-tpr-01.png
Hayabusa2 instrument inventory

The Hayabusa2 payload is equipped with multiple scientific instruments:[31][33]

  • Remote sensing: Optical Navigation Camera (ONC-T, ONC-W1, ONC-W2), Near-Infrared Camera (NIR3), Thermal-Infrared Camera (TIR), Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)
  • Sampling: Sampling device (SMP), Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI), Deployable Camera (DCAM3)
  • Four rovers: Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT), Rover-1A, Rover-1B, Rover-2.

Remote sensing

The Optical Navigation Cameras (ONCs) were used for spacecraft navigation during the asteroid approach and proximity operations. They also remotely imaged the surface to search for interplanetary dust around the asteroid. ONC-T is a telephoto camera with a 6.35° × 6.35° field of view and several optical filters carried in a carousel. ONC-W1 and ONC-W2 are wide angle (65.24° × 65.24°) panchromatic (485–655 nm) cameras with nadir and oblique views, respectively.[31]

The Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) is a spectrograph operating at a wavelength of 1.8–3.2 μm. NIRS3 was used for analysis of surface mineral composition.[31]

The Thermal-Infrared Imager (TIR) is a thermal infrared camera working at 8–12 μm, using a two-dimensional microbolometer array. Its spatial resolution is 20 m at 20 km distance or 5 cm at 50 m distance (70 ft at 12 mi, or 2 in at 160 ft). It was used to determine surface temperatures in the range Template:Cvt.[31]

The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) instrument measured the distance from the spacecraft to the asteroid surface by measuring the reflected laser light. It operated over an altitude range between 30 m and 25 km (100 ft and 16 mi).[31]

When the spacecraft was closer to the surface than Template:Cvt during the sampling operation, the Laser Range Finders (LRF-S1, LRF-S3) were used to measure the distance and the attitude (orientation) of the spacecraft relative to the terrain.[34][35] The LRF-S2 monitored the sampling horn to trigger the sampling projectile.

LIDAR and ONC data are being combined to determine the detailed topography (dimensions and shape) of the asteroid. Monitoring of a radio signal from Earth allowed measurement of the asteroid's gravitational field.[31]

Rovers

Hayabusa2 carried four small rovers to explore the asteroid surface in situ,[36] and provide context information for the returned samples. Due to the minimal gravity of the asteroid, all four rovers were designed to move around by short hops instead of using normal wheels. They were deployed at different dates from about Template:Cvt altitude and fell freely to the surface under the asteroid's weak gravity.[37] The first two rovers, called HIBOU (previously Rover-1A) and OWL (previously Rover-1B), landed on asteroid Ryugu on 21 September 2018.[20] The third rover, called MASCOT, was deployed 3 October 2018. Its mission was successful.[38] The fourth rover, known as Rover-2 or MINERVA-II-2, failed before release from the orbiter. It was released on 2 October 2019 to orbit the asteroid and perform gravitational measurements before being allowed to impact the asteroid a few days later.

MINERVA-II

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File:Surface of Ryugu from MINERVA-II1 Rover-1A.jpg
The first photograph from the surface of an asteroid, taken by HIBOU on 22 September 2018 during one of its "hops".

MINERVA-II is a successor to the MINERVA lander carried by Hayabusa. It consists of two containers with 3 rovers.

MINERVA-II-1 is a container that deployed two rovers, Rover-1A (HIBOU) and Rover-1B (OWL), on 21 September 2018.[39][40] It was developed by JAXA and the University of Aizu. The rovers are identical having a cylindrical shape, Template:Cvt diameter and Template:Cvt tall, and a mass of Template:Cvt each.[31][41] They move by hopping in the low gravitational field, using a torque generated by rotating masses within the rovers.[42] Their scientific payload is a stereo camera, wide-angle camera, and thermometers. Solar cells and double-layer capacitors provide the electrical power.[43][44] The MINERVA-II-1 rovers were successfully deployed 21 September 2018. Both rovers performed successfully on the asteroid surface, sending images and video from the surface. Rover-1A operated for 113 asteroid days (36 Earth days) returning 609 images from the surface, and Rover-1B operated for 10 asteroid days (3 Earth days) returning 39 images from the surface.[45]

The MINERVA-II-2 container held the ROVER-2 (sometimes referred to as MINERVA-II-2), developed by a consortium of universities led by Tohoku University in Japan. This was an octagonal prism shape, Template:Cvt diameter and Template:Cvt tall, with a mass of about Template:Cvt. It had two cameras, a thermometer and an accelerometer. It was equipped with optical and ultraviolet LEDs to illuminate and detect floating dust particles. ROVER-2 carried four mechanisms to move around using short hops.[43] Rover-2 had problems prior to deployment from the orbiter but was released on 2 October 2019 to orbit the asteroid and perform gravitational measurements. It was then crashed onto the asteroid surface a few days later on 8 October 2019.

MASCOT

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File:SPB MASCOT 08 HiRes-cropped.jpg
Mission overview

The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) was developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in cooperation with the French space agency CNES.[46] Its dimensions measure Template:Cvt and it weighs Template:Cvt.[47] MASCOT carries four instruments: an infrared spectrometer (MicrOmega), a magnetometer (MASMAG), a radiometer (MARA), and a camera (MASCAM) that imaged the small-scale structure, distribution and texture of the regolith.[48] The rover is capable of tumbling once to reposition itself for further measurements.[36][49] It collected data on the surface structure and mineralogical composition, the thermal behaviour and the magnetic properties of the asteroid.[50] It has a non-rechargeable battery that allowed for operations for approximately 16 hours.[51][52] The infrared radiometer on the InSight Mars lander, launched in 2018, is based on the MASCOT radiometer.[53][54]

MASCOT was deployed on 3 October 2018, with a successful landing and ensuing surface mission. Two papers were published describing the results from MASCOT in the scientific journals Nature Astronomy[55] and Science.[56] One finding of the research was that C-type asteroids consist of more porous material than previously thought, explaining a deficit of this meteorite type. Meteorites of this type are too porous to survive the entry into the atmosphere of planet Earth. Another finding was that Ryugu consists of two different almost black types of rock with little internal cohesion, but no dust was detected.[57][58] A third paper describing results from MASCOT was published in the Journal of Geophysical Research and describes the magnetic properties of Ryugu, showing that Ryugu does not have a magnetic field on a boulder scale.[59]

Objects deployed by Hayabusa2

Object Developed by Mass Dimensions Power Science payload Landing or deployed date Status
MINERVA-II-1 rovers:
Rover-1A (HIBOU)
Rover-1B (OWL)		 JAXA and University of Aizu Template:Cvt each Diameter: Template:Cvt
Height: Template:Cvt		 Solar panels Wide-angle camera, stereo camera, thermometers
21 September 2018
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful landing. Rover-1A operated for 36 days and Rover-1B operated for 3 days.[45]
Rover-2 (MINERVA-II-2) Tohoku University Template:Cvt Diameter: Template:Cvt
Height: Template:Cvt		 Solar panels Two cameras, thermometer, accelerometer. Optical and ultraviolet LEDs for illumination
Released: 2 October 2019, 16:38 UTC
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Rover failed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later.[60][61]
MASCOT German Aerospace Center and CNES Template:Cvt Template:Cvt Non-rechargeable
battery[51]		 Camera, infrared spectrometer, magnetometer, radiometer
3 October 2018[62]
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful landing. Operated on battery for more than 17 hours[52]
Deployable camera 3 (DCAM3)
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 about Template:Cvt Diameter: Template:Cvt
Height: Template:Cvt		 Non-rechargeable battery DCAM3-A lens, DCAM3-D lens
5 April 2019
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Deployed to observe impact of SCI impactor. Inactive now and presumed to have fallen on the asteroid.
Small Carry-On Impactor (SCI)
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Diameter: Template:Cvt
Height: Template:Cvt		 Non-rechargeable battery
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
5 April 2019
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful. Shot to the surface 40 minutes after separation.
Target Marker B
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt sphere
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
25 October 2018
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful. Used for first touchdown.
Target Marker A
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt sphere
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
30 May 2019
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful. Used for second touchdown.
Target Marker E (Explorer)
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt sphere
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
17 September 2019
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful. Injected to equatorial orbit and confirmed to land.
Target Marker C (Sputnik/Спутник)
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt sphere
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
17 September 2019
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful. Injected to polar orbit and confirmed to land.
Target Marker D
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Template:Cvt Template:Cvt sphere
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
None
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
—
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Was not deployed.
Sample Return Capsule
JAXA
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 16 kg Diameter: 40 cm Height: 20 cm Non-rechargeable battery Sample container, Reentry flight Environment Measurement Module
5 December 2020 UTC
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		 Successful landing. All the parts including the sample container were collected.

Sampling

Sampling Date
1st surface sampling 21 February 2019
Sub-surface sampling SCI impactor: 5 April 2019
Target marker: 5 June 2019[25]
Sampling: 11 July 2019[26]
2nd surface sampling Optional;[63] was not done.
File:Hayabusa hover.jpg
Artistic rendering of Hayabusa collecting a surface sample.

The original plan was for the spacecraft to collect up to three samples: 1) surface material that exhibits traits of hydrous minerals; 2) surface material with either unobservable or weak evidence of aqueous alterations; 3) excavated sub-surface material.[64]

The first two surface samples were scheduled to start in late October 2018, but the rovers showed large and small boulders and insufficient surface area to sample, so the mission team decided to postpone sampling to 2019 and evaluate various options.[22] The first surface sampling was completed on 22 February 2019 and obtained a substantial amount of topsoil,[63][65] so the second surface sampling was postponed and was eventually cancelled to decrease the risks to the mission.[63]

The second and final sample was collected from material that was dislodged from beneath the surface by the kinetic impactor (SCI impactor) shot from a distance of Template:Cvt.[66][67] All samples are stored in separate sealed containers inside the sample return capsule (SRC).

Surface sample

Hayabusa2Template:'s sampling device is based on HayabusaTemplate:'s. The first surface sample retrieval was conducted on 21 February 2019, which began with the spacecraft's descent, approaching the surface of the asteroid. When the sampler horn attached to Hayabusa2Template:'s underside touched the surface, a Template:Cvt tantalum projectile (bullet) was fired at Template:Cvt into the surface.[65] The resulting ejected materials were collected by a "catcher" at the top of the horn, which the ejecta reached under their own momentum under microgravity conditions.[68]

Sub-surface sample

File:Hayabusa2 SCI impact and subsurface sampling.gif
Animation illustrating SCI deployment and subsequent sampling from the resulting crater.

The sub-surface sample collection required an impactor to create a crater in order to retrieve material under the surface, not subjected to space weathering. This required removing a large volume of surface material with a powerful impactor. For this purpose, Hayabusa2 deployed on 5 April 2019 a free-flying gun with one "bullet", called the Small Carry-on Impactor (SCI); the system contained a Template:Cvt copper projectile, shot onto the surface with an explosive propellant charge. Following SCI deployment, Hayabusa2 also left behind a deployable camera (DCAM3)[Note 1] to observe and map the precise location of the SCI impact, while the orbiter maneuvered to the far side of the asteroid to avoid being hit by debris from the impact.

It was expected that the SCI deployment would induce seismic shaking of the asteroid, a process considered important in the resurfacing of small airless bodies. However, post-impact images from the spacecraft revealed that little shaking had occurred, indicating the asteroid was significantly less cohesive than was expected.[69]

File:Movie before and after touchdown on Ryugu taken with Hayabusa2's small monitor camera (CAM-H).webm
The touchdown on and sampling of Ryugu on 11 July

Approximately 40 minutes after separation, when the spacecraft was at a safe distance, the impactor was fired into the asteroid surface by detonating a Template:Cvt shaped charge of plasticized HMX for acceleration.[49][70] The copper impactor was shot onto the surface from an altitude of about Template:Cvt and it excavated a crater of about Template:Cvt in diameter, exposing pristine material.[7][24] The next step was the deployment on 4 June 2019 of a reflective target marker in the area near the crater to assist with navigation and descent.[25] The touchdown and sampling took place on 11 July 2019.[26]

Sample return

File:Replica of Hayabusa capsule at JAXA i.jpg
Replica of HayabusaTemplate:'s sample-return capsule (SRC) used for re-entry. Hayabusa2Template:'s capsule is of the same size, measuring Template:Cvt in diameter and using a parachute for touchdown.

The spacecraft collected and stored the samples in separate sealed containers inside the sample-return capsule (SRC), which is equipped with thermal insulation. The container is Template:Cvt external diameter, Template:Cvt in height, and a mass of about Template:Cvt.[31]

At the end of the science phase in November 2019,[3] Hayabusa2 used its ion engines to change orbit and return to Earth.[68] Hours before Hayabusa2 flew past Earth in late 2020, it released the capsule, on 5 December 2020 at 05:30 UTC.[71] The capsule was released spinning at one revolution per three seconds, and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at Template:Cvt. Deploying a radar-reflective parachute at an altitude of about Template:Cvt, it ejected its heat shield while transmitting a position beacon signal.[31][68] The sample capsule landed at the Woomera Test Range in Australia.[5][72] The total flight distance was Template:Cvt.[31]

Any volatile substances will be collected before the sealed containers are opened.[64] The samples will be curated and analyzed at JAXA's Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center,[73] where international scientists can request a small portion of the samples. The spacecraft brought back a capsule containing carbon-rich asteroid fragments that scientists believe could provide clues about the ancient delivery of water and organic molecules to Earth.[74][75]

File:Jsc2021e062389.jpg
One of the facility-to-facility transfer containers (FFTC) of Hayabusa2 returned samples given to NASA by JAXA.

JAXA is sharing a portion of these samples with NASA. In exchange, NASA will provide JAXA a percentage of a sample of asteroid Bennu, when the agency's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft returned to Earth from the space rock on 24 September 2023.[76]

A November 2024 study published in Meteoritics & Planetary Science examined a sample returned from the asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. Despite stringent contamination control measures, terrestrial microorganisms rapidly colonized the sample. Researchers concluded that the observed microbial growth originated from Earthly contamination during sample preparation rather than being indigenous to the asteroid. This finding underscores the difficulty of preventing microbial contamination, even in highly controlled laboratory environments.[77][78]Template:Undue weight inline

Mission extension (Hayabusa2♯)

File:Animation of Hayabusa2 orbit - extended mission.webm
Animation of Hayabusa2 orbit – extended mission
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With the successful return and retrieval of the sample capsule on 6 December 2020 (JST), Hayabusa2 is planned to use its remaining Template:Cvt of xenon propellant (from the initial Template:Cvt) to extend its service life and fly out to explore new targets.[79] As of September 2020, a fly-by of 98943 Torifune in July 2026 and a rendezvous with Template:Mpl in July 2031 were selected for the mission extension.[80][81][82] The observation of Torifune will be a high-speed fly-by of an S-type asteroid.[83] The fixed camera of Hayabusa2 was not designed for this type of fly-by. The rendezvous with Template:Mp will be the first visit of a fast rotating micro-asteroid, with a rotation period of about 10 minutes.[82] Between 2021 and 2026, the spacecraft will also conduct transit observations of exoplanets.[82] An option to conduct a Venus flyby to set up an encounter with Template:Mpl was also studied.[84][85]

Selected EAEEA (Earth → Asteroid → Earth → Earth → Asteroid) scenario:[82]

  • December 2020: Extension mission start
  • 2021 until July 2026: cruise operation
  • July 2026: S-type asteroid 98943 Torifune high-speed fly-by
  • December 2027: Earth swing-by
  • June 2028: Second Earth swing-by
  • July 2031: Target body (Template:Mpl) rendezvous

The nickname of the extended mission is “Hayabusa2♯” (read “Hayabusa2 Sharp”). The character “♯” is a musical symbol which raises an adjacent note by a semitone. It is also an acronym for “Small Hazardous Asteroid Reconnaissance Probe,” as the mission is set to investigate potentially dangerous small asteroids that may collide with the Earth in the future. The word “sharp” also highlights the challenging nature of the mission, which is reflected in the musical meaning of raising the note by a semitone, suggesting a raised rank of the mission.[86][87]

See also

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Japanese minor body probes

Notes

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  1. ↑ DCAM3 is numbered as such because it is a follow-on to the DCAM1 and DCAM2 used for the IKAROS interplanetary solar sail

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References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ "hibou" is not Japanese nor abbreviation; it is the French word for owl and pronounced as such, イブー (i-boo).
  18. ↑ Hayabusa-2: Japan's rovers ready for touchdown on asteroid, Paul Rincon, BBC News 20 September 2018
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ MASCOT lands safely on asteroid Ryugu, Press release, DLR Press Portal, 3 October 2018
  22. ↑ a b Schedule changes for the touchdown operation, JAXA, University of Tokyo and collaborators, Hayabusa2 Project, 14 October 2018
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b New Photos Show the Surprisingly Big Crater Blasted Into Asteroid Ryugu by Japan's Hayabusa2 Probe, George Dvorsky, Gizmodo, 22 May 2019
  25. ↑ a b c [Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft grabs epic close-up shot just 30 feet above asteroid], Jackson Ryan, C-net, 5 June 2019
  26. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Hayabusa-2 capsule located in Australian desert
  28. ↑ What's the benefit of sample-return?
  29. ↑ a b c d e Operation Status of Ion Engines of Asteroid Explorer Hayabusa2, Nishiyama, Kazutaka; Hosoda, Satoshi; Tsukizaki, Ryudo; Kuninaka, Hitoshi; JAXA, January 2017
  30. ↑ The Ion Engine System for Hayabusa2 Template:Webarchive, The 32nd International Electric Propulsion Conference, Wiesbaden, Germany, September 11–15, 2011
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Hayabusa2 Information Fact Sheet JAXA 29 July 2018
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:PD-notice
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ a b Are Japanese hopping robots safe on asteroid Ryugu? Mike Wall, Space.com, 21 September 2018
  52. ↑ a b Template:Cite tweet
  53. ↑ InSight: A Geophysical Mission to a Terrestrial Planet Interior, Bruce Banerdt, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, 7 March 2013 Template:PD-notice
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ The Downlink: Station Crew Home, Hayabusa2 Deploys Rover, Jason Davis, The Planetary Society, 4 October 2019
  61. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  62. ↑ See the First Photo of Asteroid Ryugu from the Hopping MASCOT Lander!, Tariq Malik, Space.com, 3 October 2018
  63. ↑ a b c Hayabusa2 Mission Update, JAXA Press conference on 5 March 2019, Quote/translation:
    • The second touchdown will be done inside or near the artificial crater created by SCI. (Final decision will be made after SCI operation whether or not to actually perform the second try.)
    • There is a high probability that a third touchdown will not be done.
    ※ Reason for choosing to give priority to experiments with collision equipment
    • It was judged that sample was sufficiently collected with the first touchdown.
    • There is a case in which the amount of light received by some of the optical systems of the bottom surface has decreased due to the first touchdown. There is no problem with normal operation, but a careful preliminary investigation is necessary for touchdown operation. Because it takes time to investigate, SCI operation was done first.
  64. ↑ a b Bringing back a C-type asteroid sample (in Japanese), Shogo Tachibana, JAXA, 2013
  65. ↑ a b Hayabusa-2: Japan spacecraft touches down on asteroid, Paul Rincon, BBC News, 22 February 2019
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Hayabusa2 Mission Schedule, JAXA, Accessed 4 October 2018
  68. ↑ a b c Major onboard instruments – Re-entry Capsule, Accessed: 2 September 2018
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ What's the benefit of sample-return?, Jason Davis, The Planetary Society, 5 July 2018
  73. ↑ Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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