Hasbani River
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The Hasbani (Template:Langx / ALA-LC: al-Ḥāṣbānī; Template:Langx Ḥatzbaní) or Snir Stream (Template:Langx / Nahal Sənir), is the major tributary of the Jordan River that flows in Lebanon, the Golan Heights and Israel. In the mid-19th century, what the Westerners would call 'Upper Jordan River', the locals called Nahr Hasbani, Arabic for Hasbani River.[1]
The Hasbani River derives most of its discharge from two springs in Lebanon,[2][3] the Wazzani and the Haqzbieh, the latter being a group of springs on the uppermost Hasbani.[4] The Hasbani runs for Script error: No such module "convert". through the Wadi al-Taym in Lebanon before crossing the border at Ghajar and shortly after joining with the Banias and Dan Rivers at a point in northern Israel, to form the River Jordan.[5] For about Script error: No such module "convert". downstream of Ghajar, the Hasbani forms the border between Lebanon and the Golan Heights.
The Wazzani's and the Haqzbieh's combined discharge averages 138 million m³ per year.[6] About 20% of the Hasbani flow[7] emerges from the Wazzani Spring at Ghajar, close to the Lebanese-Golan Heights border, about Script error: No such module "convert". west of the base of Mount Hermon. The contribution of the Wazzani spring is very important to the river, since this is the only continuous year-round flow into the Hasbani, in either Lebanon or Israel.[8]
In modern history
The Hasbani was included in the Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan, proposed in 1955 by special US envoy Eric Johnston.[9] Under the plan, Lebanon was allocated usage of 35 million mcm annually from it. The plan was rejected by the Arab League.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Instead, at the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 the League decided that Syria, Lebanon and Jordan would begin a water diversion project. Syria started the construction of canal to divert the flow of the Banias River away from Israel and along the slopes of the Golan toward the Yarmouk River. Lebanon was to construct a canal from the Hasbani River to Banias and complete the scheme.[10] The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan.[10][11] This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank and artillery fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes.[12]
Utilization of water resources in the area, including the Hasbani, has been a source of conflict and was one of the factors leading to the 1967 Six-Day War.[13][14]
In 2001, the Lebanese government installed a small pumping station with a 10 cm bore to extract water to supply Ghajar village.[15] In March 2002 Lebanon also diverted part of the Hasbani to supply Wazzani village. An action that Ariel Sharon said was a "casus belli" and could lead to war.[16][17][18][19]
The Mekorot Water Company Ltd. of Israel has permitted recreational activity (kayaking) on a stretch of the Hasbani in the north.
Nahal Snir Nature Reserve
In its part near Ein Baruch, the stream is located within the boundaries of the Nahal Snir Nature Reserve. In this section, there is a hiking trail that begins in the reserve, parts of which pass through the stream and its vicinity. The trail ends on Highway 99 near the Ein Baruch parking lot.[20]
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ FAO (Water Resources section) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". "Overall, there are about 40 major streams in Lebanon and, based on the hydrographic system, the country can be divided into five regions: ... [including] the Hasbani river basin in the south-east."
- ↑ UNU The Jordan River [1] Template:Webarchive "The Dan spring, the largest of the sources of the upper Jordan, lies wholly within Israel close to the border with Syria. The spring sources of the Hasbani River lie entirely within Lebanon. The spring source of the Banias River is in Syria. These three small streams unite 6 km inside Israel at about 70 m above sea level to form the upper Jordan River."
- ↑ UNU The Jordan River [2] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters [3] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Lebanon (FAOWater Resources section)Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". "Lebanon being at a higher elevation than its neighbours has practically no incoming surface water flow…. Surface water flow to Israel is estimated at 160 million m³/year, of which about 138 million m³ through the Hasbani river including a contribution of 30 million m³ from its tributary, the Wazzani spring."
- ↑ MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters [4] Template:Webarchive "In the hot summer months, the Wazzani springs are the only source of flowing water in the Hasbani. Upstream from the Wazzani, the river is dry."
- ↑ Cronin, Patrick M. (2008) The Evolution of Strategic Thought Routledge, Template:ISBN p 189
- ↑ a b Shlaim, Avi (200) ibid pp 229–230 In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by Israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The reaction of the summit to this threat was deadly serious. The preamble to its decision stated,
- The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel.
- ↑ Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie By Elie Kedourie, M. Gammer, Joseph Kostiner, Moshe Shemesh, Routledge, (2003) Template:ISBN p 165
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ MERIP Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters [5] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Harik, Judith Palmer (2005) Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism I.B.Tauris, Template:ISBN p 159
- ↑ LA Times Over Israeli Objections, Lebanon Opens Pumping Station on River March 29, 2001
- ↑ BBC 28 March 2002. Lebanon hails 'liberation of water'
- ↑ BBC 10 September 2002 Israel warns of war over water
- ↑ BBC 16 September 2002. US wades into Mid-East water dispute
- ↑ BBC 17 September 2002. Israel hardens stance on water.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
- Senir (Hatsbani) Stream Nature ReserveScript error: No such module "Unsubst". at the Israel Nature and Parks Authority website
Template:Streams of the GalileeTemplate:Nature reserves of Israel Template:Authority control