Ghajar

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Pp-extended Template:Use dmy dates Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Template:Main other Ghajar (Template:Langx, Template:Langx or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />רג'ר‎), also Rhadjar, is an Alawite-Arab village on the Hasbani River, on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.[1] The name of the village means "gypsy" in Arabic.[2] As of Template:Israel populations, it had a population of Template:Israel populations, most of whom consider themselves Syrian but have Israeli ID cards.[3][4] The Blue Line divides Ghajar between Lebanon and the Golan Heights,[5] although Israel has occupied the entire village since 2006.[6][7][8] Israel considers it a part of its Northern District, in which its southern part is organized as a local council in the Golan Subdistrict.

History

Early history

Control over Ghajar has changed hands many times. Three hundred years ago, the village was known as Taranjeh. It was renamed Ghajar under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, when the land was allegedly seized from the "villagers" by Kurds and forcibly sold. According to "local" legend, the Kurdish governor of Ghajar tried to ride his horse onto the tomb of a local holy man, Sheikh al-Arba'in. The horse refused and the following day a fire broke out, destroying the governor's shield and sword. The Kurds fled and quickly sold it back.[9]

Modern era

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File:Ghajar-551.jpg
Homes in Ghajar

In 1932, the residents of Ghajar, predominantly Alawites, were given the option of choosing their nationality and overwhelmingly chose to be a part of Syria, which has a sizable Alawite minority.[10] Prior to the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, Ghajar was considered part of Syria and its residents were counted in the 1960 Syrian census.[11] Before the 1967 war, it was one of three mainly Alawite villages in the Golan Heights together with Za'ura and 'Ayn Fit.[12]

Israeli occupation

When Israel occupied the Golan Heights after capturing it from Syria in 1967, Ghajar remained a no-man's land for two and a half months. The Alawi villagers petitioned the Golan's Israeli governor to be attached to the occupied territory, as part of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, rather than Lebanon, because they considered themselves to be Syrians, like the majority of the native residents of the Golan at that time.[13][14] Israel agreed to include Ghajar in its occupied territory of the Syrian Golan Heights.[15]

In 1981, most Alawi villagers were pressured by authorities into Israeli citizenship under the Golan Heights Law[16] which annexed the occupied Syrian territory to Israel, but the unilateral annexation was not recognized by the international community. After Operation Litani in 1978, Israel turned over its positions inside Lebanon to the South Lebanon Army and inaugurated its Good Fence policy. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption of Security Council Resolution 425 in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.[17] Ghajar expanded northward into Lebanese territory, subsuming the Wazzani settlement north of the border.[10]

In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon.[18] In 2000, following the campaign promise and election of Ehud Barak as Prime Minister, Israel withdrew their troops from Lebanon. In an attempt to demarcate permanent borders between Israel and Lebanon, the United Nations drew up what became known as the Blue Line. Due to Ghajar's location, wedged between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, the northern half of the village came under Lebanese control and the southern part remained under Israeli occupation.[11]

Despite the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, tension mounted as Hezbollah made attempts to kidnap Israeli soldiers in the Ghajar area.[19] In 2005, Hezbollah launched a missile on Ghajar and infiltrated it, but withdrew after being repelled by the Israelis.[10] Following another attack in July 2006, Israel invaded southern Lebanon and re-occupied the northern half of Ghajar during the 2006 Lebanon War. Following a month of intense fighting, UNSC Resolution 1701 was unanimously approved to resolve the conflict, and it was accepted by combatants on both sides. Among other things, the resolution demanded the full cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, the disarming of Hezbollah, the deployment of Lebanese and UNIFIL soldiers, and the establishment of full control by the government of Lebanon.

Planned Israeli withdrawal

File:Ghajar-617.jpg
Ghajar village park

In April 2009, the IDF agreed to withdraw from northern Ghajar at a meeting at Ras al-Naqoura.[20] On 13 May, the government of Israel suspended talks to await the outcome of the Lebanese Parliamentary elections, fearing a Hezbollah victory.[21] In the wake of reports in December 2009 of a possible splitting of the village, 2,200 Ghajar residents took to the streets in protest.[22]

In November 2010, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu informed the UN Secretary General of Israeli intentions to unilaterally withdraw from Ghajar, after failing to come to an agreement with Lebanon [23][24] and place security matters into the hands of UNIFIL.[25] On 17 November 2010, Security Cabinet of Israel voted in favor of withdrawal from northern half of Ghajar.[26] Residents of Ghajar objected to division of the village.[3][4]

As the Syrian Civil War erupted, Israel halted redeployment along the border. Israel continues to occupy the whole village and land adjacent to it which crosses the Blue Line.[27][28][29]

Syrian civil war

In January 2015, Hezbollah attacks hit Ghajar during an exchange with Israel. The attacks came in retaliation for Israel firing on an Iranian–Hezbollah convoy in Syria.[2]

Gaza war

In the ongoing Gaza war, as Hezbollah targeted northern Israeli border communities, the IDF ordered the village residents to evacuate.[30] Despite the IDF's order, the residents of Ghajar collectively decided not to evacuate.[31]

Citizenship

File:Ghajar-610.jpg
Ghajar Village Local Council

Residents on both sides of the village have Israeli citizenship; those in the northern half often hold passports from both Lebanon and Israel.[32] They work and travel freely within Israel, but those living on the Lebanese side have difficulties receiving services from Israel. There was an Israel Defense Forces checkpoint at the entrance to the village, and a fence surrounding the entire village, but no fence or barrier dividing the two sides of the village. The checkpoint at the entrance to the village was removed in September 2022 after the Local Council constructed a border fence separating the entire village from Lebanon.[33]

Economy

Most residents of Ghajar work outside the village, many of them in Kiryat Shmona. In 2021, the village began to organize local tours and home hospitality, catering to small groups.[34] In 2022, local officials reported 4000 visitors per day.[35]

Cuisine

Culinary specialties of Ghajar include a dish called mitabla, made of grains of wheat and corn cooked in milk, and bisara, a stew of bulgur, chickpeas and fried onions thickened with flour. Bisara is usually served with a sauce of garlic and lemon.[34]

The Blue Line

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The UN has physically marked the recognized border between Lebanon and the Golan Heights. Israeli soldiers remain on the Lebanese side of Ghajar despite the decision of the Israeli cabinet on 3 December 2006, to hand it over to UNIFIL. Israel says that the Lebanese army rejected a UN-brokered proposal in which the Lebanese Army would protect the vicinity north of the village, while UNIFIL would be deployed in the village itself; this type of arrangement would be unique for UNIFIL in populated areas. A perimeter fence has been built along the northern edge of the village in Lebanese territory up to 800 meters north of the Blue Line. UNIFIL military observers patrol the area continuously.[36]

In its October 2007 report on the implementation of the resolution, the United Nations issued a report stating that discussions on the duration of temporary security arrangements for northern Ghajar remained deadlocked. Israel remains in control north of the Blue Line and the small adjacent area inside Lebanese territory, although it does not maintain a permanent military presence there. The Lebanese Armed Forces patrol the road outside the perimeter fence. The report notes "so long as the Israel Defense Forces remain in northern Ghajar, Israel will not have completed its withdrawal from southern Lebanon in accordance with its obligations under resolution 1701 (2006)." It further notes: "Failure to make progress on this issue could become a source of tension and carry the potential for incidents in the future."[37]

Asher Kaufman, a researcher from the University of Notre Dame, has disputed the Blue Line. Writing in Haaretz, he says there has never been an exact boundary agreed for Ghajar, citing conflicting maps and "sketches made by the US Embassy in Beirut". He says the village was incorrectly divided into two based on the assumption there were two villages: Ghajar in the south and al-Wazzani in the north, but that the latter "never really existed" in that location.[38]

References

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Bibliography

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (pp. 342, 353 (the bridge) 2nd appendix, p. 136 (the place))

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External links

Template:Quneitra Governorate Template:North District (Israel)

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c "A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split". The New York Times. 11 October 2006.
  11. ↑ a b "Getting rid of Ghajar".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Dudu Ben-Tzur's interview with Khatib Jamal, a resident of Ghajar, December 1993. Published in Hebrew in Teva Ha-Dvarim, 2nd issue, February–March 1994 [1].
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ "Israel to withdraw from northern Ghajar – report".
  21. ↑ "'Israel delays plan to quit Lebanon border town'". Template:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ "Israel to withdraw from village on Lebanon border".
  24. ↑ Ravid, Barak "Lieberman: Israel will quit Lebanon town unilaterally due to Hezbollah refusal to cooperate." Haaretz, 7 November 2010
  25. ↑ "Cabinet set to approve unilateral withdrawal from Ghajar".
  26. ↑ "Israel approves unilateral pullout from Lebanon border town".
  27. ↑ Disputed Alawite village caught between Israel, Hezbollah
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) during the period from 21 February to 20 June 2023" (PDF). UN Security Council Resolutions. 13 July 2023.
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b This Isolated Syrian Community Straddling the Israeli-Lebanese Border Is a Culinary Gem, Haaretz
  35. ↑ ‘Closed’ village on Lebanese-Israeli boundary welcomes visitors after 22 years, The Guardian
  36. ↑ Lebanon holding up IDF Ghajar pulloutTemplate:Dead link
  37. ↑ UN Security Council document S/2007/641 Template:Webarchive, paragraphs 16 and 71
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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