Haplogroup L4
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a small maternal clade primarily restricted to Africa.[1]
L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.[2]
It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).[3] The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.[4] L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).[5]
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).[6]
- L3'4
- L4
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4a1
- L4a1a
- L4a2
- L4a1
- L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
- L4b1
- L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
- L4b2a
- L4b2a1
- L4b2a2
- L4b2a2a
- L4b2a2b
- L4b2b
- L4b2a
- L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
- L4
References
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- ↑ Haplogroups L4.
- ↑ Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
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External links
- General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup L4
- Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4
- Ian Logan's Haplogroup L4b
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup L4
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup L4
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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||