Haplogroup E (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.

Origin

Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E. One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, on the northeast coast of Sundaland (near modern Borneo). In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the Late Glacial period.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on Liang Island, one of the Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup. From this, Ko and colleagues argue that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago near the north Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the Austronesian language dispersal.Template:Sfn Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.Template:Sfn

Distribution

Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.Template:Sfn It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among speakers of other language families. It has been detected in populations of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (including Sabah of Borneo, but not the Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia), coastal Papua New Guinea, and especially in the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Of the four principal subclades, E1b and E2a are found mainly in Maritime Southeast Asia, while only E1a and E2b are also found in Taiwan.Template:Sfn E2b has low diversity within Taiwan, suggesting that it arrived there about 5,000 years ago.Template:Sfn The most common E subclade, E1a1a, has highest diversity in Taiwan, followed by the Philippines and Sulawesi. Moreover, other branches of E1a1 are largely confined to Taiwan.Template:Sfn

Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup E

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)	0.924	105		E2a=68, E1a2=29
East Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)	0.266	237		E1a=42, E1b=9, E2=7, E1(xE1a, E1b)=5
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.214	70		E1a1a=10, E2(xE2b)=4, E1b=1
Filipino (Visayas)	0.214	112		E1a1a=18, E2(xE2b)=5, E1(xE1a1a, E1a2, E1b)=1
East Indonesian (Ambon)	0.163	43		E1(xE1a, E1b)=3, E1a=2, E2=2
East Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)	0.160	50		E1b=6, E1a=1, E2=1
Indonesian (Bangka)	0.147	34		E=5
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)	0.146	157		E1a=14, E2=5, E1b=3, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino	0.125	64		E1a1a=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E1a2=1
Filipino (Luzon)	0.124	177		E1a1a=14, E1b=5, E2(xE2b)=2, E2b=1
Taiwan (aborigine)	0.120	640		E=77
East Indonesian (Alor)	0.111	45		E1a=3, E1b=2
East Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)	0.091	44		E1b=3, E1a=1
Indonesian (Padang, Sumatra)	0.083	24		E=2
Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra)	0.071	42		E=3
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Medan, Bangka, Palembang, & Padang)	0.067	180		E1a=6, E1b=4, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1, E2=1
Indonesian (Bali)	0.061	82		E1a=3, E1b=1, E1(xE1a, E1b)=1
Filipino (Palawan)	0.050	20		E1a=1
Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra)	0.036	28		E=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.034	29		E=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.032	31		E=1
Indonesian (Java, incl. 36 from Tengger)	0.022	46		E1b=1
Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra)	0.019	52		E=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.012	168		E1a1a=1, E2a=1
Carolinian (Saipan)	0.000	17		-
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.000	20		-
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.000	28		-
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29		-
Cun (Hainan)	0.000	30		-
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31		-
Lingao (Hainan)	0.000	31		-
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32		-
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33		-
Danga (Hainan)	0.000	40		-
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51		-
Senoi (Malaysia)	0.000	52		-
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.000	61		-
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.000	102		-
Li (Hainan)	0.000	346		-

Subclades

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup E subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variationTemplate:Sfn and subsequent published research.

• E
  • E1
    • E1a
      • E1a1
        • E1a1a
          • E1a1a1
      • E1a2
    • E1b
      • E1b1
  • E2
    • E2a
    • E2b
      • E2b1
      • E2b2

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

External links

• General
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
• Haplogroup E
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup E
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup E1
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup E1a1b
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup E1a2
  • Ian Logan's Haplogroup E2
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup E
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup E
  • FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup E