Gingalain

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:EngvarB Template:Requested move notice Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Hb-gringalais-le-fort.jpg
Attributed arms of "Gringalais" (cf. Template:Section link below)

The Fair Unknown (Script error: No such module "Lang".; differs depending on the version and language) is a character from Arthurian legend whose exploits are recorded in the different versions of a popular medieval romance by the same title. He is a young knight without a name, who eventually discovers he is son of Gawain and the fay Blanchemal. His real name is Script error: No such module "Lang".,[1] also known as the English Script error: No such module "Lang". in Libeaus Desconus[2] and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Le Morte d'Arthur[3] (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang".,[4] Script error: No such module "Lang".,Template:Refn Template:Langx, etc.).

The nameless youth arrives King Arthur's court, and is granted a boon to be knighted. He earns the nickname "Fair Unknown", then accepts his main quest, to save the Princess/Queen of Gales (Wales), brought by the Welsh maidservant Hélie. He undergoes a number of side-quests, including his succoring of the Maid of the White Hands (Template:Langx, the enchantress of the Ile d'Or), who becomes his mistress, but he leaves abruptly to return to his main quest at the city of Snowdon. He defeats the enchanter Mabon and accomplishes the "Fearsome Kiss" upon a serpentTemplate:Refn to dispel the transformation of the princess of Wales, after which a voice reveals to him his name and his parentage. The princess discloses her name as Blonde Esmeree; she is Princess/Queen of Wales,Template:Efn and wishes to marry the hero. The Fair Unknown has a chance of reunion with White Hands, but when Arthur calls a tournament to entice him back, she helps by magically sending him to the joust, and he takes this to be a rejection. He then marries Blonde Esmeree.

Nomenclature

The Old French form is actually Script error: No such module "Lang".,[5] rendered in Middle English as the Libeaus Desconus. While "The Fair Unknown" may be the modern English translation of Li Biaus Descouneüs (modern Template:Langx),[5] this designation had already been used in the Middle English work, which appends the literal translated meaning of "Libeaus Desconus" as "Þe faire unknowe".[6]

Works

Guinglain is the later revealed Baptised name[7] of the title character in Le Bel Inconnu, a 6266 line French poem by Renaut de Beaujeu, completed some time after 1191 and before 1212/13,[8]Template:Refn which survive in the unique Chantilly, Bibliothèque du Château/Musée Condé, MS. 472.Template:Sfnp[9] The character's adventures were later retold in Robert de Blois's Beausdous (third quarter of 13th century).[10]

There are also cognate tales remade in English, Italian, and German. The Middle English version Libeaus Desconus (LD, of 2232 linesTemplate:Sfnp) by Thomas Chestre is arguably an adaptation from Renaut's Bel Inconnu (BI),[11] and scholars have disputed over this issue,Template:Sfnp but one solution is that Chestre drew from multiple version of the story.[12] At any rate, the LD, BI, the Italian Carduino and German Wigalois by Wirnt von Grafenberg share the same basic plot.[11][13]

There is also the French romance Gliglois, reconstructed from a (destroyed) 13th-century manuscript.[14] However, it may not actually belong to the Bel Inconnu cycle.[15]

Plot comparison

The basic plot is shared by the various language versions, the Bel Inconnu, Middle English Libeas Desconus, Carduino, and Wigalois,[11] but the differences are considerable, as shown in the comparative study.[13]

During the 19th century into the 20th, there was a plurality of scholars favoring the opinion that there was a lost original French version which was the common source for both Renaut's Bel Inconnu and the English Libeaus. The view was held by Gaston Paris, Albert Mennung, William Henry Schofield,Template:Efn and Emmanuel Philipot,Template:Refn with Max Kaluza who edited LD named as detractor.Template:Sfnp However, modern Arthurian reference material sides with Kaluza, describing the English work as an adaptation of Renaut,[11] though Thomas Chestre in crafting his Middle English version may have had recourse to multiple sources.[12]Template:Refn Schofield, whose works was most influential, also felt that a version of the Perceval/Peredur tale has been blended in.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp That BI had borrowed material from Erec et Enide as suggested by Mennung, and later extensively demonstrated by Schofield,Template:Sfnp is a point that is affirmed by recent authorities.[11]

Secret identity

In Bel Inconnu, a youth appears at Arthur's court in Caerleon and no knowledge of even his own name, and nothing of his youth is told to the reader at this point. The hidden identity constitutes a mystery or enigma element common to other medieval writings.Template:Refn In the BI, the mention of the name is withheld until midpoint into the poem after he completes the quest of the Kiss,[7] this delay being a deliberate ploy by the author to enhance the dramatic effect.[16]

In contrast, the Middle English Libeaus Desconus immediately divulges the name of the youth as Gingelein and his father as Gawain to the readership in the opening scenes of the poem,[17] in the youth or enfance segment of the work.Template:Refn The youth aims his travel to where Arthur holds his court which the Englishman places at Glastonbury.Template:Sfnp Arthur's court also differs in other versions, Camelot in Carduino, and Karidôl (Carlisle) in Wigalois.Template:Sfnp

Knighthood and main adventure

The nameless youth abruptly asks King Arthur for an unspecified boon, which is granted.[18] The king sends out to discover the youth's name, but the youth cannot provide what he does not know, and he is given the nickname "Fair Unknown".[5]

A maidservant named Helie (or Hélie) from Wales (Gales) then arrives at court, seeking a knight to take up an adventure to rescue her master, the Princess/Queen.Template:Efn The adventure is that of the Fearsome Kiss (Template:Langx[19]). No knight seems willing, when the youth requests that his promised bonn be permission to accept this adventure. Arthur at first tries to dissuade, fearing it may be too dangerous, but relents, after enlisting the youth as a knights of his court.[20] Helie however is unhappy with the choice of an unproven knight, "the worst rather than best".[21] In the Middle English version, the messenger named Elene (Elaine) also complains that a child has been assigned to the task.Template:Sfnp

Side-adventures

But the youth will have the chance to prove himself in a number of adversarial encounters and adventures before arriving at the main quest in Wales. In the journey, he will be accompanied by Helie, her dwarf, and the squire named Robert assigned to Bel Inconnu by the king.[22] In LD, Carduino, and Wigalois, no obvious figure corresponding to this squire, which is taken as corroborative key evidence by Schofield and others that the Middle English version is based on some simpler original French version (unlike Renaud's which is padded with additional material such as the squire).[23]

In his first enemy encounter, Bel Inconnu defeats the knight Blioblïeris who defends the Perillous Ford (Script error: No such module "Lang".),Template:Refn after which he is challenged by Blioblïeris's two (or three) cronies, including "Willaume de Salebrant".Template:Refn LD sets the hero's first fight against William of Salebraunche at "Castle Adventurous upon the Vale Perilous" (or "Pont/Bridge Perilous").Template:Sfnp[24]

Maiden Blanches Mains at Ile d'Or

But the most significant of the side-quests is his aiding The Maiden of the White Hands (Template:Langx),[25] foiling the plans of her unwanted suitor Malgier le Gris ("Malgier the Grey")[26] by defeating and killing him.[27] The victory earns him the title to this kingdom and claim to wed the Maid himself, and they are enamored of each other.[28] Bel Inconnu overspends his time here in leisurely amorous idleness (recreantiseTemplate:Refn), but leaves abruptly upon remembering his main quest/adventure, to complete his obligation to the Welsh princess.Template:Sfnp

The Maiden of the White Hands is also called at one point "Lady of the White Hands" (Template:Langx),[29] whom he had succored earlier.[27] She is also referred to as a veritable "Fay" or "Fairy" of Ile d'Or by commentators as she was an enchantress manifesting magical powers.[30]Template:Refn After completing his main quest, he will have a chance to revisit the Pucelle to apologise for his abrupt departure after their initial acquaintance, and she will then reveal she had been aiding him all along using her magical powers.Template:Sfnp

Serpent's kiss

Arriving in Wales, Bel Inconnu accomplishes the "Fearsome Kiss", namely, the ordeal of breaking an evil enchanter's spell by exchanging a "Kiss" with a serpent and causing it to transform back into a woman's form. This dispelling of the snake-woman's curse is common to BI and LD, and also occurs in the second cantare of Carduino.

In BI, the serpent or rather guivre (cog. wyvern)[31]Template:Sfnp draws near and kisses him.[16] The enchanted and transformed woman introduces herself as Blonde Esmerée of Gales(Wales), claiming to be the acknowledged queen (Script error: No such module "Lang".) of Wales, whose [capital] city is Snowdon.[32][16]Template:Sfnp In LD, she is the Lady of Snowdon,[33] given in text as the Queen of Sinadoune (var. Lady of Synadowne),[34]Template:Sfnp who had been transformed by two magicians into the shape of a serpent with a woman's face.[35][33] In Carduino, the chained serpent becomes the beautiful Beatrice upon a kiss.[36]

Revelation

In BI, the accomplishment of the "Fearsome Kiss" is followed by a revelation in the form of a voice in his head which told him his baptismal name was Guinglain, his mother was Blanchemal the Fay, and his father Gawain.[37][16] Although the hero begins by addressing "Dear God",[38] the hero's amour, Lady of the White Hands, or the Fairy of the Ile d'Or (cf. Template:Section link), later reveals it was actually her own voice that informed him of his name, after he despatched the enchanter Mabon (cf. Template:Section link).[39]

This is vaguely paralleled in the German Wigalois version, according to some commentators,Template:Refn where the hero after fighting a dragon (unconnected with the enchanter), wakes from unconsciousness, finding himself stripped naked by robbers and not knowing his whereabouts, but is able to verify his own presence of mind, being able to recall that his mother was Queen Floriê of Syria and his father Gâwein. However, this he already knew, and this was not the moment of revelation.Template:Sfnp

Messenger and enchanters

The names of the female messengers and the enchanters imprisoning the ladies are also similar. The acceptance of the ordeal of the "Fearsome Kiss" is beseeched at the beginning of the tale by a female messenger arriving at Arthur's court, namely Hélie, the lady-in-waiting serving the princess Blonde Esmerée in BI.[40]Template:Sfnp The female messenger is named Elene in LD, and in both works she is accompanied by a dwarf.Template:Sfnp

There are two men with power to cast and remove the serpent enchantment; in the BI, an elder brother named Mabon (Template:Langx),[41] and the younger, a knight named Evrain the Cruel (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[42] In LD, the captors are named Mabon and Irain.Template:Sfnp

Wedding of Bel Inconnu

When Bel Inconnu rescues the princess and out of gratitude, she offers herself to him in marriage.Template:Sfnp However, had already been proposed marriage by the Maiden of the White Hands.[43]

Bel Inconnu is having his reunion with the Pucelle à Blanches Mains when King Arthur holds a tournament with the intent to lure Gingalain back to court—and to steer his decision of marriage more towards the newly crowned Queen of Wales. In joining the tournament, Gingalain would have to forfeit his love for Pucelle and never see her again. He decides to join the tournament regardless of the sacrifices he would have to make. Pucelle altruistically offers to aid him with her powers; she transports him out of her castle with a horse, a squire, and armour to be able to join the tournament.[44] This magical send-off by Blanches Mains is regarded by Bel Inconnu to be a gesture of final break-up and rejection, and he winds up marrying Blonde Esmeree, as was arranged for him to do.Template:Sfnp

Dilemma or no

Although both women are enamored with the hero, the Fair Unknown's heart lies with Blanches Mains and he is only tepidly interested in Blonde Esmerée. But circumstances conspire otherwise. The Fair Unknown, having abruptly left Blanches Mains's company to tackle his main quest rescuing Blond Esmeree, is later reunited with Blanches Mains and is forgiven; but when Blanches Mains helps him with her magic to attend Arthur's tournament (cf. Template:Section link), he interprets this as her jilting him, and accepts Arthur's design to keep him at his court, relenting to his matchmaking with Esmeree the Queen of Gales as wife.Template:Sfnp Yet the readership's expectation to grant Fair Unknown his requited love for the enchantress is addressed by the poet in the very end, in a tantalizing and frustrating manner, for he quip that he would be willing to compose such a sequel, if only his Fair LadyTemplate:Refn were to grant him with a "favorable glance (Script error: No such module "Lang".)".Template:Efn This "naughty ending" has disappointed modern critics,Template:Sfnp who even accused him of flippancy on a sober romantic theme.Template:Refn

As for the Libeaus desconus, Schofield categorically pronounced "[LD] marries the disenchanted lady gladly. He has no desire for anyone else.Template:Sfnp Contrarily, however, modern commentating explains that Chestre's Libeaus Desconus also dilly-dallies (recreantiseTemplate:Refn) for a long while at the Ile d'Ore and "experiences the interrelations of knightly prowess and love" with the enchantress, there named Dame Amoure (dame d'amour).Template:Refn[12]

Other works

There is a prose rendering by Claude Platin (1530) entitled Hystoire de Giglan et de Geoffroy de Maience. It admixes the story of Arthurian knight Jaufre known from Provençal romance by the same title.[11]Template:Refn

Gingalain also appears in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, in which he is killed by Lancelot along with his brothers Sir Florence and Sir Lovell after Mordred and Agravain expose Lancelot's affair with Guinevere. The Fair Unknown style motif was very popular trope in medieval romance; as such, Gingalain's story is clearly related to (if not the direct source of) Malory's tales of Lancelot, Gareth, Percival, and especially La Cote Mal Taile.[45]

Heraldry

The heraldic device of Le Bel Inconnu is described as lion of ermine on field of azure colour. This is observed to be an appropriation of the author's own Beaujeu (Bâgé) family coat of arms.[46]

Explanatory notes

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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(Editions and translations)
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External links

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  1. ↑ Libeaus Desconus, normalized spelling, Template:Harvp
  2. ↑ Libeaus Desconus, vv. 7, 13 Template:Harvp, "Begete he was of Sir Gawain" v. 8; cf. Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., p. 226
  3. ↑ Malory, Morte Darthur Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  4. ↑ Guingla(i)n, Le Bel Inconnu v. 3233 et passim, cf. Template:Harvp index, p. 409.
  5. ↑ a b c Template:Harvp, in the book's subtitle is: "'Li Biaus Descouneüs'; 'The Fair Unknown'". Cf., Fresco, index, "Biau Descouneü", also text, v. 131, etc.
  6. ↑ Libeaus Disconus, v. 83, Template:Harvp, note, p. 132: "eine wörtliche übersetzung des frz. namens".
  7. ↑ a b Guingla(i)n, Le Bel Inconnu v. 3233 et passim, cf. Template:Harvp index, p. 409.
  8. ↑ Template:Harvp, p. xi
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Busby, Keith (1995) "Gawain Romances" in Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ArthEncy-renaut
  12. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ArthEncy-chestre
  13. ↑ a b Cf. Template:Harvp, pp. 2ff where he launches into a comparative analysis of these four poems.
  14. ↑ Livingston, Charles H. ed. (1932) Gliglois. A French Arthurian Romance of the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weston1897
  17. ↑ Libeaus Desconus, vv. 7, 13 Template:Harvp, "Begete he was of Sir Gawain" v. 8; cf. Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., p. 226
  18. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 82–89
  19. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 192, 3206, 4997, cf. Template:Harvp index, "Fier Baissier" p. 408.
  20. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 184–227
  21. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 228–232
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named brandsma2007
  23. ↑ Template:Harvp, is categorically judging that "Squire Robert" is one of the "Changes introduced by Renaud" (his subheading title for this piece of analysis), and names Eugen Kölbing as being of like opinion. Max Kaluza in the opposite camp retorted that the author of LD eliminated the squire, until a need arose for someone to fulfill this role, and appropriated the steward Gifflet of the Ile d'Or to join the company, but Schofield was unconvinced of the scenario and said it lacked "justification".
  24. ↑ Libeaus Desconus, Template:Harvp: Template:Langx (var. Script error: No such module "Lang". C., etc., v. 302) and "Upon þe point perilous" (var. pont I; bridge of perill P., vale C., v. 306).
  25. ↑ "Blances Mains, la Pucele as", in Old French, Template:Harvp index, p. 406, glossed as "fairy mistress of Guniglain, lady of Ille d'Or. First so named at v. 1941.
  26. ↑ v. 2192
  27. ↑ a b Template:Harvp: "The most important of these is the defeat of Malgier le Gris,..", etc.
  28. ↑ vv. 2204ff
  29. ↑ v. 319.
  30. ↑ Template:Harvp: "the use of magic has transformed her into a veritable fay"
  31. ↑ v. 3128: "une wivre fors issir"
  32. ↑ Blonde Esmeree, Le Bel Inconnu v. 3233, and after. She is glossed as "queen of Galesin the index (Template:Harvp). Text: "acknowledged queen" (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Snowdon (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in vv. 3385–8. In the beginning, Blonde Esmeree is not named but referred to as "daughter of King Guingras" (v. 177) by the messenger Helie (v. 197).
  33. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named broadus1903
  34. ↑ Libeaus Disconus, v. 1512, Template:Harvp, "Of Sinadoune þe quene" and footnoted variants: S.]..doune I, Lady of Synadowne AP.
  35. ↑ Libeaus Disconus, vv. 2095–2096: "Script error: No such module "Lang".", Template:Harvp, or rather a dragon (winged worm) which also approached and kissed Libeaus, "Script error: No such module "Lang".", vv. 2113–2115
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ArthEncy-carduino
  37. ↑ Template:Langx 'v. 3237), etc., cf. Le Bel Inconnu vv. 3205–3243, and after, Template:Harvp
  38. ↑ v. 3205
  39. ↑ Template:Harvp, citing Template:Harvp, vv. 4903–4910, at Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. This corresponds to Le Bel Inconnu vv. 4995–5002, in Template:Harvp: "the voice you heard,/and which told you your name.. was none other than my own". Also Template:Harvp: "he learns that it was her voice that proclaimed his identity", etc.
  40. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv.189–198 and preceding passages
  41. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 3347 and preceding.
  42. ↑ Le Bel Inconnu vv. 3368.
  43. ↑ Template:Harvp: "Guinglain is faced with the dilemma of choosing between two offers of marriage"
  44. ↑ Sturm, Sara. The "Bel Inconnu's" Enchantress and the Intent of Renaut de Beaujeu. The French Review. 1971
  45. ↑ Wilson, Robert H. The "Fair Unknown" in Malory. PMLA. 1943
  46. ↑ Template:Harvp, pp. ix, x–xi; Le bel inconnu, vv. 7374, 5921-2/
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