Groningen (province)

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Groningen (Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell"., Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell".;[1][2] Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".) is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. It borders on Friesland to the west, Drenthe to the south, the German state of Lower Saxony to the east, and the Wadden Sea to the north. As of January 2023, Groningen had a population of about 596,000,[3] and a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"..

Historically the area was at different times part of Frisia, the Frankish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Dutch Republic, the precursor state of the modern Netherlands. In the 14th century, the city of Groningen became a member of the Hanseatic League.

The provincial capital and the largest city in the province is the city of Groningen (231,299 inhabitants[4]). Since 2016, René Paas has been the King's Commissioner in the province. A coalition of GroenLinks, the Labour Party, ChristianUnion, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Democrats 66, and Christian Democratic Appeal forms the executive branch. The province is divided into 10 municipalities.

The land is mainly used for agriculture. There are seaports in Delfzijl and Eemshaven. The Groningen gas field, one of the world's largest, was discovered in 1959. The province is home to the University of Groningen and Hanze University of Applied Sciences.

History

File:Groningen (afbeeldinge der stadt Groningen met omliggende fortressen) - Haubois, 1652.jpg
1652 map of the city of Groningen and the surrounding fortifications
File:Canadian soldiers during the Battle of Groningen.jpg
Canadian soldiers during the Battle of Groningen in April 1945

Groningen was originally a part of Frisia. It became a part of the Frankish Empire around 785. Charlemagne assigned the Christianization of this new possession to Ludger.

In the 11th century, the city of Groningen was a village in Drenthe that belonged to the Bishopric of Utrecht, while most of the province was in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.

During the Middle Ages, central control was remote, and the city of Groningen acted as a city-state, exerting a dominating influence on the surrounding Ommelanden. In the 14th century, Groningen became one of the towns within the Hanseatic League.[5] In the years after, Groningen expanded its influence. At its peak almost all of the current province Friesland was under the influence and control of Groningen.

Shortly before 1498, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor gave Groningen and Friesland to Albert III, Duke of Saxony, who could however not establish permanent control. In 1514/15 Groningen came to the Duchy of Guelders, and in 1536 as the Lordship of Groningen to the Habsburg Netherlands.

In 1594, Groningen was conquered from the Spanish by the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, precursor state of the Netherlands, to which it belonged henceforth.

During World War II, the Netherlands were occupied by Nazi Germany. In April 1945, the 2nd Canadian Division fought in the Battle of Groningen, which resulted in the liberation of the city and in the death of 130, the capture of 5,212, and the fleeing of 2,000 German soldiers. In May 1945, another 3,000 German soldiers were captured in the Battle of Delfzijl by the 5th Canadian Division, after which all of the northern provinces were liberated.[6]

East Groningen was the scene of a particularly fierce class struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries. Perhaps not coincidentally, Groningen boasts the only municipality (Beerta) where the Communist Party of the Netherlands has ever had a mayor (Hanneke Jagersma).[7]

Geography

File:Groningen 6.70672E 53.23944N.jpg
Satellite image of Groningen
File:Overzicht van de molen, gezien vanaf het weiland - Fransum - 20420708 - RCE.jpg
The land is flat and 80% of it is used for agriculture.
File:Grainrepublic.jpg
Wheat field near Nieuw-Beerta in the Oldambt
File:Wadlopen bij Pieterburen 02a.jpg
Mudflat hikers during low tide on the Wadden Sea near Pieterburen

Groningen is situated at Script error: No such module "Coordinates". in the northeast of the Netherlands. To the west is the province Friesland, to the south is the province Drenthe, to the east the German districts are Leer and Emsland in the state Lower Saxony, and to the north the North Sea, Ems, and Dollart. The northernmost point of the Netherlands is on Rottumerplaat[8] at Script error: No such module "Coordinates".; the easternmost point of the Netherlands is in Bad Nieuweschans[8] at Script error: No such module "Coordinates"..

Groningen is the 7th largest province of the Netherlands. It has a total area of Script error: No such module "convert"., with Script error: No such module "convert". of land and Script error: No such module "convert". of water. About 80% of the land or Script error: No such module "convert". is used for agriculture. The rest of the land is: 9% or Script error: No such module "convert". of built-up or semi built-up area, 6% or Script error: No such module "convert". of nature, 3% or Script error: No such module "convert". of infrastructure, and 2% or Script error: No such module "convert". of recreational area.[9]

The land in Groningen is flat. A large area of the province is below sea level.[10] The Hasseberg near Sellingen of Script error: No such module "convert". above sea level is the highest point.[11]

The Groningen gas field near Slochteren is the 8th largest[12] natural gas field in the world. Since 1986, the exploitation of this gas field has caused earthquakes in the region with magnitudes up to 3.6.[13]

In the Wadden Sea of Groningen, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2009,[14] are the sandbank Simonszand and the natural reserve Rottum consisting of the three uninhabited islands Rottumeroog, Rottumerplaat, and Zuiderduintjes. The national park Lauwersmeer (IUCN category II) is located on the border between Groningen and Friesland.

Subdivisions

The province of Groningen is also called Stad en Ommelanden, meaning "City and Surrounding Lands", referring to the eponymous city of Groningen as well as the "surrounding lands" of Fivelingo, Hunsingo, Oldambt, Westerkwartier, and Westerwolde.[15]

The province (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS level 2) is divided into three COROP regions (NUTS level 3): East Groningen, Delfzijl and surroundings, and the rest of Groningen. The COROP regions are used for statistical purposes.[16]

The province is also divided into ten municipalities, each with its own local government. Currently, Groningen is the most populated and most densely populated municipality,[17][18] containing the largest city.[18]

Municipality Population[17] Total Area[18] Population density[17][18] COROP Region
Eemsdelta Delfzijl and surroundings
Groningen Template:Dutch municipality population Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". Rest of Groningen
Het Hogeland Rest of Groningen
Midden-Groningen Rest of Groningen
Oldambt Template:Dutch municipality population Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". East Groningen
Pekela Template:Dutch municipality population Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". East Groningen
Stadskanaal Template:Dutch municipality population Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". East Groningen
Veendam Template:Dutch municipality population Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "convert". East Groningen
Westerkwartier Rest of Groningen
Westerwolde East Groningen

Climate

The province of Groningen has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

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Demographics

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On 1 January 2023, the province of Groningen had a population of 596,075 and a population density of Script error: No such module "convert"., which make it the 9th most populous province and 8th most densely populated province of the Netherlands.[9][19] The city of Groningen is the most populous city in the province and the 6th most populous city in the Netherlands.

On 1 January 2013, 92.2% of the total provincial population was born in the Netherlands; and of the 7.8% that was born abroad, the ten most common foreign countries of origin are the neighbour Germany (1.09%), the former colonies and dependencies Indonesia (0.60%), Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (0.55%), Suriname (0.54%), and other countries Turkey (0.41%), Soviet Union (0.36%), China (0.32%), Poland (0,26%), Yugoslavia (0.26%), and United Kingdom (0.18%).[20]

Religion

In 2015, 18.7% of the population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands while 4.9% was Roman Catholic, 1.3% was Muslim and 6.7% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half (68.4%) of the population identified as non-religious. Template:Pie chart

Economy

File:Building University Medical Centre Groningen UMCG.png
The University Medical Center is a major employer in Groningen.
File:120815 Haven Delfzijl Gn NL.jpg
Sea port of Delfzijl in 2012

The city of Groningen is the economic center of the province.[21] In the 14th century, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League.[5] Currently some of the city's major employers[21] are University Medical Center Groningen with 12,141 employees,[22] University of Groningen with 5,591 employees,[23] Municipality of Groningen with 3,063 employees,[24] Education Implementation Service (DUO) with 2,000 employees,[25] and Gasunie with 1,748 employees.[26]

The other economically important area is the Ems delta with the sea ports of Delfzijl and Eemshaven.[21][27] In 2015, a total of 11,589 cargo vessels arrived at the two Groningen Seaports combined, 7,111 sea vessels and 4,478 inland vessels. The ports had a cargo throughput of 11,309,000 tonnes.[28] The chemical industry near Delfzijl is located at the Chemie Park in Farmsum, with factories of AkzoNobel, Lubrizol, and Teijin Aramid.[29] Both GDF Suez[30] and Vattenfall[31] have a natural gas-fired power plant in Eemshaven, and Essent[32] is building a coal-fired power plant there.

The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 25 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.2% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,300 € or 124% of the EU27 average in the same year.[33]

In 1959, the Groningen gas field near Slochteren was discovered,[34] and the NAM started to exploit the field in 1963.[13] This caused Dutch disease and induced earthquakes.

In 2013, Groningen had a labor force of 268,000 people and unemployment rate of 9.6%, which is the second highest unemployment for a province in the Netherlands.[35]

Culture

Language

File:WIKITONGUES- Theo speaking Gronings.webm
A Gronings speaker, recorded in the Netherlands

Groningen is home to the Low Saxon dialect called Gronings (Grönnegs / Grunnegs in Gronings regional language), In the eastern part of Friesland variations of the Groninger 'language' is spoken. Gronings has local nuances, for example, the people in the eastern part speak Gronings with more German influence.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Nowadays, many inhabitants of the province do not speak the dialect, especially in the city of Groningen where many outsiders have moved.

Cuisine

File:Groninger metworst.JPG
Traditional droge worst (dried sausage) from Groningen

Traditional dishes and delicacies from Groningen are boerenkoolstamppot, droge worst, krentjebrij, oudewijvenkoek, poffert, and spekdik. Traditional alcoholic drinks are boerenjongens, boerenmeisjes, fladderak, and heet bier.

Museums

File:Groninger Museum 2.jpg
Groninger Museum in Groningen in 2006

Museumhuis Groningen is an umbrella organization for museums and other heritage organizations in the province of Groningen and has 58 members.[36][37] The Groninger Museum is the most visited museum in the province with 209,195 visitors in 2015. The other museums and heritage organizations with more than 25 thousand visitors in 2015 are Fort Bourtange in Bourtange, Noordelijk Scheepvaartmuseum in Groningen, Ter Apel Monastery in Ter Apel, Fraeylemaborg in Slochteren, Nationaal Bus Museum in Hoogezand, and Museumspoorlijn STAR in Stadskanaal.[38]

Heritage sites

Sports

File:Euroborg121210.png
Euroborg is the home stadium of FC Groningen.

FC Groningen from the city of Groningen is the only football club from the province in the Eredivisie.[39] Their home stadium Euroborg has a capacity of 22,550 seats.[40] In the 2012–2013 competition, FC Groningen became 7th of the 18 teams.[41] SC Veendam played in the Eerste Divisie, but filed for bankruptcy in 2013.[42]

The city of Groningen is also the base of basketball club GasTerra Flames, volleyball club Lycurgus, and korfball club Nic.[43]

The ice rink at the multi-sport center Kardinge in the city of Groningen is used for national speed skating championships, most recently the 2013 KNSB Dutch Sprint Championships.[44]

Politics

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File:Groningen Provinciehuis 1266.jpg
Seat of the provincial government in the city of Groningen

A provincial government in the Netherlands consists of a Provincial Council, the directly elected legislative branch, and a Provincial Executive, the executive branch. The King's Commissioner, who is appointed by the national government, is chairman of both branches.[45] The Provincial Council of Groningen consists of 43 members and the Provincial Executive consists of the King's Commissioner and six deputies.[46] The government has its seat in the city of Groningen, which is the provincial capital.

René Paas, member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), has been the King's Commissioner since 18 April 2016.[47] He succeeded Max van den Berg who was the King's Commissioner in Groningen from 2007 to 2016.[45]

In the provincial elections of 2011, the Labour Party became the largest party with nearly 25% of the votes and 12 seats in the Provincial Council. The next three largest parties are the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Socialist Party (SP) with 6 seats each, and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) with 5 seats.[48] In 2011, two months after the elections, the member of the Party for the North (PvhN) continued as an independent under the name Free Mandate.[49][50] The next provincial elections are planned for 18 March 2015.[51]

Following the 2011 elections, the Provincial Executive was formed by a coalition of the Labour Party, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Democrats 66 (D66), and GreenLeft (GL).[52] In 2013, GreenLeft left the coalition and was replaced by the ChristianUnion (CU).[53] The Labour Party has three deputies, the other coalition parties have one deputy each.[54]

2015 provincial election[55]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Election table/category
Party Votes % Seats
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Socialist Party 39,093 16.19 8
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Labour Party 29,711 12.30 6
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Christian Democratic Appeal 27,160 11.25 5
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Democrats 66 23,422 9.70 4
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 22,089 9.15 4
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Christian Union 21,124 8.75 4
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Party for Freedom 19,340 8.01 3
Groninger Belang 15,869 6.57 3
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| GroenLinks 15,701 6.50 3
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color"| Party for the Animals 9,078 3.76 2
Party for the North 5,173 2.14 1
Other parties 13,719 5.68 0
Total 241,479 100 43

Transportation

Roads

File:A7-groningen-tijnje-004.jpg
The N7 expressway near the city of Groningen

In the province of Groningen, there are three national roads (Template:Langx), which are maintained by Rijkswaterstaat.[56][57] The motorway A7 (E22) connects the city of Groningen with the provinces of Friesland and North Holland in the west and with Winschoten and Germany in the east. The motorway is interrupted for the ring road of the city of Groningen, where it is the expressway N7.[58] The motorway A28 (E232) starts at the city of Groningen and runs south connecting it with the provinces of Drenthe, Overijssel, Gelderland, and Utrecht.[59] The expressway N33 runs south from Eemshaven, via Appingedam and Veendam, to Drenthe.[60] Other roads are overseen by the province (N roads), municipalities, or water boards.[56]

Public transport

File:20080430 Hoofdstation Groningen NL.jpg
Groningen railway station in 2008
File:Noordelijke nevenlijnen.png
Railways in the northern provinces of the Netherlands in 2006 (without the Stadskanaal–Zuidbroek railway, which partially reopened in 2011)

Public transport falls under the rules for government procurement in the European Union. Tenders for regional bus and railway services are selected by the province of Groningen. Qbuzz is contracted for bus services in the period 2009–2015 and Arriva for railway services in the period 2005–2020.[61] Nederlandse Spoorwegen operates the railway services from Groningen railway station southward to Drenthe and beyond.

The railway network in the Netherlands is maintained by ProRail.[62] There are six railways located partially or entirely in the province of Groningen. The railway station Groningen connects several of these railways.[63]

Trajectory Railway stations in Groningen[63]
Groningen–Delfzijl Groningen – Groningen Noord – Sauwerd – Bedum – Stedum – Loppersum – Appingedam – Delfzijl West – Delfzijl
Harlingen–Nieuweschans Friesland – Grijpskerk – Zuidhorn – Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer Oost – Zuidbroek – Scheemda – Winschoten – Bad Nieuweschans
Ihrhove–Nieuweschans Germany – Bad Nieuweschans
Meppel–Groningen Drenthe – Haren – Groningen Europapark – Groningen
Sauwerd–Roodeschool Sauwerd – Winsum – Baflo – Warffum – Usquert – Uithuizen – Uithuizermeeden – Roodeschool
Stadskanaal–Zuidbroek Veendam – Zuidbroek

Airports

File:Groningen Airport Eelde overview.jpg
Groningen Airport Eelde is located in Eelde in the province of Drenthe.

The international airport that serves Groningen is Groningen Airport Eelde, which is located in Eelde in the province of Drenthe. The airport is co-owned by the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe and the municipalities of Groningen, Assen, and Tynaarlo.[64] Its summer destinations are Antalya, Faro, Girona, Gran Canaria, Heraklion, Kos, Palma de Mallorca, and Tenerife. Its winter destinations are Innsbruck and Salzburg.[65] Starting on 5 June 2014, there will also be flights to London.[66] For other international destinations, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the nearest airport. The general aviation airports in the province are Oostwold Airport in Oostwold[67] and Stadskanaal Airfield in Stadskanaal.[68]

Science and education

File:090529 Academiegebouw Groningen NL.jpg
Main building of the University of Groningen in the city of Groningen

The University of Groningen in the city of Groningen was founded in 1614[69] and is the only research university (universiteit) in the province. On 1 September 2013, it had 29,407 students and 5,238 full-time equivalent of staff members.[70] The university has ten faculties: Arts, Behavioural and Social Sciences, Economics and Business, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medical Sciences, Philosophy, Spatial Sciences, Theology and Religious Studies, and University College Groningen.[71]

The Hanze University of Applied Sciences, the NHL University of Applied Sciences, and the Stenden University of Applied Sciences in the city of Groningen are the province's publicly funded universities of applied sciences (hogescholen).

Media

The Dagblad van het Noorden is a regional daily newspaper based in the city of Groningen and is owned by NDC Mediagroep. It was founded in 2002 by merging the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, the Groninger Dagblad, and the Drentse Courant.[72] In 2015, the newspaper had a circulation of 96,515.[73]

RTV Noord is a regional public broadcaster of radio and television based in the city of Groningen, with Radio Noord and TV Noord.[74] Their radio station has 121,000 daily listeners and a market share of 28% (2012) and their TV station has 171,000 daily viewers and a market share of 26.7% (2012).[75][76]

Notable residents

Politics
Arts
Science
Sports
Other

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  2. ↑ "Groningen" Template:Webarchive (US) and Template:Cite Oxford Dictionaries
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Hanseatic city Template:Webarchive, Toerisms Groningen. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.
  6. ↑ Groningen, Canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.
  7. ↑ Template:In lang "Hanneke Jagersma burgemeeste Beerta", Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, 1982. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.
  8. ↑ a b Template:In lang Uitersten, Oude stafkaarten verzamelen. Retrieved on 2 June 2014.
  9. ↑ a b Template:In lang Bodemgebruik; uitgebreide gebruiksvorm, per gemeente, Statistics Netherlands, 2013. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  10. ↑ Groningen province, University of Groningen, 2012. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  11. ↑ Template:In lang Hasseberg (Gemeente Vlagtwedde) Template:Webarchive, RTV Noord, 2011. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  12. ↑ Rafael Sandrea, Global Natural Gas Reserves – A Heuristic Viewpoint Template:Webarchive, IPC Petroleum Consultants, 2005. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  13. ↑ a b Template:In lang Aardbevingen door gaswinning in Noord-Nederland, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 2013. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.
  14. ↑ The Wadden Sea, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  15. ↑ Bernardus Mourik, Staatkundige historie van Holland (in Dutch), 1768, vol. 25, pp. 7–9. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  16. ↑ Indeling van Nederland in 40 COROP-gebieden Template:Webarchive (in Dutch), Statistics Netherlands. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  17. ↑ a b c Template:Dutch municipality population
  18. ↑ a b c d Template:Dutch municipality total area
  19. ↑ Template:In lang Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand, Statistics Netherlands, 2014. Retrieved on 12 March 2014.
  20. ↑ Template:In lang Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio, Statistics Netherlands, 2013. Retrieved on 25 March 2014.
  21. ↑ a b c Template:In lang Algemeen Template:Webarchive, Economie.groningen.nl. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.
  22. ↑ Facts and figures Template:Webarchive, University Medical Center Groningen, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  23. ↑ Key figures, University of Groningen, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  24. ↑ Concern en burgercontacten (in Dutch), Municipality of Groningen. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  25. ↑ "Slechts 10 deelenemers aan cursus hoogtevrees DUO Template:Webarchive" (in Dutch), RTV Noord, 2011. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.
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  31. ↑ Vattenfall Template:Webarchive, Vattenfall. Retrieved on 25 May 2020.
  32. ↑ Template:In lang Eemshavencentrale Template:Webarchive, Essent. Retrieved on 16 April 2014.
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Jane Whaley, "The Groningen Gas Field Template:Webarchive", GEO ExPro Magazine, 2009. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.
  35. ↑ Template:In lang Beroepsbevolking; kerncijfers provincie, Statistics Netherlands, 2014. Retrieved on 26 March 2014.
  36. ↑ Template:In lang Over ons Template:Webarchive, Museumhuis Groningen. Retrieved on 18 March 2014.
  37. ↑ Template:In lang Aangesloten organisaties Museumhuis Groningen februari 2014 Template:Webarchive, Museumhuis Groningen, 2014. Retrieved on 18 March 2014.
  38. ↑ Template:In lang Bezoekcijfers erfgoedinstellingen Groningen Template:Webarchive, Stichting Erfgoedpartners, 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  39. ↑ Template:In lang "Stand Eredivisie 2013/2014 Template:Webarchive", Voetbal International, 2014. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  40. ↑ Template:In lang Stadion Euroborg Template:Webarchive, FC Groningen. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  41. ↑ Template:In lang "Stand Eredivisie 2012/2013 Template:Webarchive", Voetbal International, 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  42. ↑ Template:In lang "Reddingsactie niet gelukt; SC Veendam definitief failliet", Algemeen Dagblad, 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  43. ↑ Template:In lang Home Template:Webarchive, Energy Valley Topclub. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  44. ↑ Template:In lang "Dit weekend NK Sprint Kardinge Template:Webarchive", OOG Radio en TV, 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  45. ↑ a b Provincial Council and Provincial Executive Template:Webarchive, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.
  46. ↑ Template:In lang Over Gedeputeerde Staten Template:Webarchive, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.
  47. ↑ Mr.Drs. F.J. (René) Paas (in Dutch), Parlement & Politiek, 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  48. ↑ Template:In lang Verkiezingsuitslagen Provinciale Staten 1918 - heden Template:Webarchive, Electoral Council. Retrieved on 27 January 2014.
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  50. ↑ Template:In lang Fracties, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.
  51. ↑ Template:In lang Provinciale staten, Kiesraad. Retrieved on 3 June 2014.
  52. ↑ Template:In lang Collegeprogramma 2011-2015, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.
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  54. ↑ Template:In lang Leden Gedeputeerde Staten, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.
  55. ↑ Template:In lang Verkiezingsuitslagen Provinciale Staten 1918 - heden Template:Webarchive, Electoral Council. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  56. ↑ a b Template:In lang Wat voor wegen zijn er in Nederland en wie is de wegbeheerder? Template:Webarchive, Rijksoverheid. Retrieved on 15 March 2014.
  57. ↑ Template:In lang Wegenoverzicht Template:Webarchive, Rijkswaterstaat. Retrieved on 15 March 2014.
  58. ↑ Template:In lang A7 Template:Webarchive, Rijkswaterstaat. Retrieved on 15 March 2014.
  59. ↑ Template:In lang A28 Template:Webarchive, Rijkswaterstaat. Retrieved on 15 March 2014.
  60. ↑ Template:In lang N33 Template:Webarchive, Rijkswaterstaat. Retrieved on 15 March 2014.
  61. ↑ Template:In lang, Openbaar vervoer, Province of Groningen. Retrieved on 17 March 2014.
  62. ↑ Template:In lang Wat doet ProRail, ProRail. Retrieved on 17 March 2014.
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  64. ↑ Template:In lang Bestuur & Management Team, Groningen Airport Eelde. Retrieved on 17 March 2014.
  65. ↑ Destinations Template:Webarchive, Groningen Airport Eelde. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.
  66. ↑ Template:In lang "Airport Eelde krijgt vlucht naar Londen Template:Webarchive", Dagblad van het Noorden, 2014. Retrieved on 3 April 2014.
  67. ↑ Home Template:Webarchive, Oostwold Airport. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.
  68. ↑ Template:In lang Vliegveld Stadskanaal, Stadskanaal Airfield. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.
  69. ↑ Who are we?, University of Groningen, 2013. Retrieved on 28 January 2014.
  70. ↑ Key Figures, University of Groningen, 2014. Retrieved on 6 April 2014.
  71. ↑ Faculties, University of Groningen. Retrieved on 6 April 2014.
  72. ↑ "Dagblad van het Noorden" (in Dutch), Trouw, 2001. Retrieved on 14 April 2014.
  73. ↑ Abonneeverlies Dagblad van het Noorden vlakt af (in Dutch), RTV Noord, 2016 Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  74. ↑ Jaarverslag 2012 Template:Webarchive (in Dutch), RTV Noord, 2013. Retrieved on 13 April 2014.
  75. ↑ RTV Noord (in Dutch), Omroep Reclame Nederland. Retrieved on 2 September 2014.
  76. ↑ Bereik regionale omroepen blijft dalen (in Dutch), Nu.nl, 2013. Retrieved on 2 September 2014.

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