Great Blizzard of 1888

The Great Blizzard of 1888, also known as the Great Blizzard of '88 or the Great White Hurricane (March 11–14, 1888), was one of the most severe recorded blizzards and deadliest blizzard in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to Maine, as well as the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Snow from fell in parts of New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and sustained winds of more than produced snowdrifts in excess of . Railroads were shut down and people were confined to their homes for up to a week. Railway and telegraph lines were disabled, and this provided the impetus to move these pieces of infrastructure underground. Emergency services were also affected during this blizzard.

Storm details

File:Blizzard 1888 01.jpg

Streets in New York City as the storm hit. Many overhead wires broke and presented a hazard to city dwellers.

File:Brooklyn Bridge snowy.jpg

Brooklyn Bridge during the blizzard

The weather was unseasonably mild just before the blizzard, with heavy rains that turned to snow as temperatures dropped rapidly. On March 12, New York City dropped from to , and rain changed to snow at 1 A.M. The storm began in earnest shortly after midnight on March 12 and continued unabated for a full day and a half. In a 2007 article, the National Weather Service estimated that this nor'easter dumped as much as of snow in parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, while parts of New Jersey and New York had up to . Most of northern Vermont received from to .

Drifts averaged , over the tops of houses from New York to New England, with reports of drifts covering three-story houses. The highest drift was recorded in Gravesend, Brooklyn at . of snow fell in Saratoga Springs, New York; in Albany, New York; in New Haven, Connecticut; and in New York City. The storm also produced severe winds; wind gusts were reported, although the highest official report in New York City was , with a gust reported at Block Island. On March 13, New York City recorded a low of , the coldest so late in the season, with the high rising to only .

Impacts

In New York, neither rail nor road transport was possible anywhere for days, and drifts across the New York–New Haven rail line at Westport, Connecticut, took eight days to clear. Transportation gridlock as a result of the storm was partially responsible for the creation of the first underground subway system in the United States, which opened nine years later in Boston, as well as the opening of New York's first underground subway line in 1904, later expanding into the New York City Subway. The New York Stock Exchange was closed for two days. A full two day weather-related closure would not occur again until Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Similarly, telegraph infrastructure was disabled, isolating Montreal and most of the large northeastern U.S. cities from Washington, D.C. to Boston for days. Following the storm, New York began placing its telegraph and telephone infrastructure underground to prevent their destruction.

Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million (equivalent to $ million in Template:Inflation/year).

From the Chesapeake Bay through the New England area, more than 200 ships were either grounded or wrecked, resulting in the deaths of at least 100 seamen. Efforts were made to push the snow into the Atlantic Ocean. Severe flooding occurred after the storm due to melting snow, especially in the Brooklyn area, which was susceptible to flooding because of its topography.

Not all areas were notably affected by the Blizzard of 1888; an article in the Cambridge Press published five days after the storm noted that the "fall of snow in this vicinity was comparatively small, and had it not been accompanied by a strong wind it would have been regarded as rather trifling in amount, the total depth, on a level, not exceeding ten inches".

Roscoe Conkling, an influential Republican politician, died as a result of the storm after attempting to walk home during the blizzard.

On October 1, 1888, an article appeared in the first issue of the National Geographic Society magazine about the great blizzard. It was written by Edward Everett Hayden and described the blizzard and the courageous and successful struggle, told by boat-keeper Robert Robinson, of the crew from the pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall, No. 3.

Gallery

• 45th Street and Grand Central Depot, Manhattan, March 12
  45th Street and Grand Central Depot, Manhattan, March 12
• Park Place in Brooklyn, March 14
  Park Place in Brooklyn, March 14
• Brooklyn children after the blizzard
  Brooklyn children after the blizzard
• New Britain, Connecticut, March 13
  New Britain, Connecticut, March 13
• Cythera, lost with all aboard in the blizzard
  Cythera, lost with all aboard in the blizzard
• Bone Valley Trail, where a herd of cattle froze
  Bone Valley Trail, where a herd of cattle froze
• 14th Street, New York City, "just after the storm" (March 14)
  14th Street, New York City, "just after the storm" (March 14)

Further reading

• "The Great Storm of March 11 to 14, 1888", National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1889 (audio) Accessed April 17, 2012

External links

• NOAA: Major winter storms Accessed April 17, 2012
• Blizzard 1888, US Government images Accessed April 17, 2012
• National Snow and Ice Data Center: "Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel" Accessed April 17, 2012
• http://cslib.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15019coll17 Template:Webarchive Connecticut State Library Blizzard of 1888 Photographic Collection