Graphidaceae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species.[1] Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.[2]

Taxonomy

Graphidaceae was originally proposed by French botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1822 (as "Graphineae"). Graphis, Opegrapha, and Arthonia were included in the new family.[3]

In 2002, the German lichenologist Bettina Staiger revised the Graphidaceae in a monograph, proposing a new classification of genera that was widely accepted until molecular phylogenetic studies led to a further reorganization of the family.[4]

Two subfamilies are recognized in the Graphidaceae:[2]

Subfamily Redonographoideae, proposed by Lücking and colleagues in 2013,[6] has since been promoted to familial status (as the monogeneric family Redonographaceae).[7]

Synonymy

The family Thelotremataceae was placed in synonymy with Graphidaceae in 2008, after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the families formed several lineages within one strongly supported monophyletic lineage. This study also showed that many genera in Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were paraphyletic or polyphyletic.[8] In 2018,[9] Kraichak and colleagues, using a "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks, proposed removing Fissurina from the Graphidaceae and instead as placing it as the type genus of Fissurinaceae, a family originally proposed by Brendan P. Hodkinson in 2012.[10] They similarly suggested recognizing Diploschistaceae and Thelotremataceae as independent families. This taxonomic proposal was rejected by Robert Lücking in a critical 2019 review of the temporal method for the classification of lichen-forming fungi, using these specific examples to highlight several drawbacks of this approach. He noted "there is substantial loss of information content in this alternative classification at the second most important rank, the level of family, and such a revised classification is practically meaningless. It makes more sense to apply such essentially phylogenetic classifications, with less information content, to infraranks, such as subfamily or tribe".[11]

Description

File:Acanthothecis abaphoides 150671.jpg
Closeup of the lirellae of Acanthothecis abaphoides

The photosynthetic partner (Template:Lichengloss) of Graphidaceae fungi is typically green algae from the genus Trentepohlia, or very rarely Trebouxia. The lichen thallus is typically crustose, which means it forms a crust-like structure on the Template:Lichengloss it grows on. The form of the ascomata of Graphidaceae are usually Template:Lichengloss (cup-shaped), Template:Lichengloss (narrow, and slit-like) or Template:Lichengloss (round or oval-shaped structure and embedded in the substrate), but can be rarely Template:Lichengloss (with a powdery mass of ascospores and Template:Lichengloss formed by the disintegration of the asci). They are usually Template:Lichengloss (with both a Template:Lichengloss and a Template:Lichengloss), but are sometimes Template:Lichengloss (without a thallus margin) or Template:Lichengloss (surrounded by a pale thalline margin). The Template:Lichengloss, which is the hyphae and tissue that between the asci, consists of usually unbranched, sometimes Template:Lichengloss, rarely branched and anastomosing paraphyses. In some lineages, the paraphyses may be apically Template:Lichengloss (covered with small spines or projections at the tips), and there may be lateral Template:Lichengloss in some lineages. The asci are Template:Lichengloss, which means they have a ring structure protruding into the Template:Lichengloss and with an apical Template:Lichengloss. They are non-amyloid or amyloid in some lineages, such as in the genus Diorygma. The asci are Template:Lichengloss to oblong or Template:Lichengloss in shape.[2]

The ascospores of Graphidaceae number primarily 8 per ascus but can often be reduced to 2–4 or 1 per ascus. They are transversely septate to Template:Lichengloss (elongated and divided into multiple compartments by transverse and longitudinal septa), usually ellipsoid to oblong, and often have Template:Lichengloss forming Template:Lichengloss and lens-shaped to rounded lumina. This particular set of features is known as "graphidoid". The spores can be hyaline (colourless) to (dark) brown, and the endospore is often amyloid. Graphidaceae also have pycnidia for producing conidia, which are non-septate, usually oblong, and hyaline.[2]

Distribution and ecology

The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants).[6] Forty-two species are known from the Galápagos Islands, where they are among the most diverse of the crustose lichens there.[12] Mexico is thought to be a biodiversity hotspot of undiscovered Graphidaceae species, with about 430 species predicted to occur in tropical regions,[13] compared to less than 200 recorded in the entire country.[14]

Genera

According to the Catalogue of Life, there are 94 genera and more than 2100 species in Graphidaceae.[1] In terms of number of species, Graphidaceae is the second-largest family of lichen-forming fungi, after the Parmeliaceae (2765 species) and ahead of the Verrucariaceae (943 species).[15] The following list gives the genus name, its taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species:

File:Diorygma antillarum - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Diorygma antillarum
File:Dyplolabia afzelii - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Dyplolabia afzelii
File:Fissurina insidiosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Fissurina insidiosa
File:Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 5B.jpg
Phaeographina obfirmata
File:Graphidaceae (10.3897-mycokeys.21.11986) Figure 2D.jpg
Sarcographa glyphiza
File:Thalloloma hypoleptum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Platythecium hypoleptum
File:Thecaria quassicola - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Thecaria quassicola
  • Acanthothecis Clem. (1909)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16] – 5 spp.
  • Acanthotrema Frisch (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – 1 sp.
  • Aggregatorygma M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] – 3 spp.
  • Allographa Chevall. (1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19] – 183 spp.
  • Amazonotrema Kalb & Lücking (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20] – 1 sp.
  • Ampliotrema Kalb (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21] – 1 sp.
  • Anomalographis Kalb (1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 2 spp.
  • Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue (1891)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 8 spp.
  • Asteristion Leight. (1870)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 7 spp.[22]
  • Astrochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – 29 spp.
  • Austrotrema I.Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 3 spp.[22]
  • Borinquenotrema Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24] – 1 sp.
  • Byssotrema M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] – 1 sp.
  • Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4] – 22 spp.
  • Chapsa A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25] – 51 spp.
  • Chroodiscus (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (1890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 17 spp.
  • Clandestinotrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5] – 17 spp.
  • Compositrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26] – 4 spp.
  • Corticorygma M.Cáceres, S.C.Feuerst., Aptroot & Lücking (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18] – 1 sp.
  • Creographa A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – 1 spp.
  • Cruentotrema Rivas Plata, Papong, Lumbsch & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5] – 6 spp.
  • Crutarndina Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – 1 sp.
  • Cryptoschizotrema Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2019)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28] – 2 spp.
  • Cyclographina D.D.Awasthi (1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 8 spp.
  • Diaphorographis A.W.Archer & Kalb (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] – 2 spp.
  • Diorygma Eschw. (1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 74 spp.
  • Diploschistes Norman (1852)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[30] – 25 spp.
  • Dyplolabia A.Massal. (1854)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[31] – 5 spp.
  • Enigmotrema Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 sp.
  • Fibrillithecis Frisch (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – 15 spp.
  • Fissurina Fée (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[32] – 117 spp.
  • Gintarasia Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[33] – 7 spp.
  • Glaucotrema Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[34] – 5 spp.
  • Glyphis Ach. (1814)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 7 spp.
  • Graphina Müll.Arg. (1880)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 25 spp.
  • Graphis Adans. (1763)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – ca. 275 spp.
  • Gyrotrema Frisch (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – 6 spp.
  • Halegrapha Rivas Plata & Lücking (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[35] – 9 spp.
  • Heiomasia Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata (2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[36] – 3 spp.
  • Hemithecium Trevis. (1853)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – ca. 50 spp.
  • Jocatoa R.Miranda (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – 1 sp.
  • Kalbographa Lücking (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[37] – 5 spp.
  • Leiorreuma Eschw. (1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 18 spp.
  • Leptotrema Mont. & Bosch (1856)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[38] – 14 spp.
  • Leucodecton A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – 32 spp.
  • Malmographina M.Cáceres, Rivas Plata & Lücking (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[39] – 1 sp.
  • Mangoldia Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[40] – 4 spp.
  • Medusulina Müll.Arg. (1894)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[41]
  • Melanotopelia Lumbsch & Mangold (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[42] – 4 spp.
  • Melanotrema Frisch (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[43] – 12 spp.
  • Myriochapsa M.Cáceres, Lücking & Lumbsch (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[44] – 3 spp.
  • Myriotrema Fée (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 76 spp.
  • Nadvornikia Tibell (1984)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[45] – 5 spp.
  • Nitidochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 5 spp.
  • Ocellularia G.Mey. (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[46] – 343 spp.
  • Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[47] – 13 spp.
  • Paratopeliopsis Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24] – 1 sp.
  • Phaeographina Müll.Arg. (1882)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[48] – 11 spp.
  • Phaeographis Müll.Arg. (1882)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – ca. 180 spp.
  • Phaeographopsis Sipman (1997)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[49] – 3 spp.
  • Phaeotrema Müll.Arg. (1887)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[50] – 19 spp.
  • Platygramme Fée (1874)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[51] – 30 spp.
  • Platythecium Staiger (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4] – 27 spp.
  • Pliariona A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – 1 sp.
  • Polistroma Clemente ex Ach. (1814)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[52] – 1 sp.
  • Pseudochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – 18 spp.
  • Pseudoramonia Kantvilas & Vězda (2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[53] – 4 spp.
  • Pseudotopeliopsis Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – 4 spp.
  • Pycnotrema Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[54] – 2 spp.
  • Redingeria Frisch (2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17] – 8 spp.
  • Reimnitzia Kalb (2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[55] – 1 sp.
  • Rhabdodiscus Vain. (1921)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[56] – 36 spp.
  • Sanguinotrema Lücking (2015)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[57] – 1 sp.
  • Sarcographa Fée (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 37 spp.
  • Sarcographina Müll.Arg. (1887)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 6 spp.
  • Schistophoron Stirt. (1876)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 5 spp.
  • Schistostoma Stirt. (1879)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 1 sp.
  • Schizotrema Mangold & Lumbsch (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[58] – 7 spp.
  • Stegobolus Mont. (1845)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 16 spp.
  • Thalloloma Trevis. (1853)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[59] – 20 spp.
  • Thecaria Fée (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 4 spp.
  • Thecographa A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 3 spp.
  • Thelotrema Ach. (1803)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 165 spp.
  • Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vězda (2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[53] – 20 spp.
  • Tremotylium Nyl. (1865)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[60] – 4 spp.
  • Wirthiotrema Rivas Plata, Kalb, Frisch & Lumbsch (2010)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[61] – 5 spp.
  • Xalocoa Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[33]– 1 sp.

References

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  1. ↑ a b Template:Catalogue of Life
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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