Gramine
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| Template:Longitem | C11H14N2 |
| Molar mass | 174.24 g/mol |
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Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms.[1]
Occurrence
Gramine has been found in the giant reed, Arundo donax,[2][3] Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple),[4] Hordeum,[1][3] (a grass genus that includes barley) and Phalaris[3] (another grass genus).
Effects and toxicity
Gramine is a close analogue of the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine (DMT), but its side chain has one less carbon atom in comparison.[5] In contrast to DMT, gramine does not have significant psychedelic-like behavioral effects in animals.[5] The same is true of 5-methoxygramine (5-MeO-gramine), which failed to substitute for DOM in rodent drug discrimination tests.[6]
Gramine has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1).[7]
The LD50 of gramine is 44.6 mg/ kg iv in mice and 62.9 mg/ kg iv in rats.[8] Numerous studies have been done on the toxicity of gramine and tryptamines to insects harmful to crops in order to assess their potential use as an insecticide.[9]
Recent toxicity evaluations show Gramine to be relatively low toxicity in humans, and to have anti-mutagenic and potential neuroprotective action, as a widely found alkaloid present in Oats and Barley. [10] There are numerous recent studies on the potential health benefits of Gramine.
See also
- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
References
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- ↑ "Safety evaluation of an oat grain alkaloid gramine by genotoxicity assays" , Manash Pratim Pathak et al. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2018 Apr. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28523965/
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