Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses is the ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1] based in the denomination's Warwick, New York, headquarters. The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production of written material for publications and conventions, and administers the denomination's worldwide operations.[2][3] Official publications refer to members of the Governing Body as followers of Christ rather than religious leaders.[4]

Its size has varied, from seven (2010–2012, 2014–2018)[5][6] to eighteen (1974–1975, 1977–1979)[7] members[8][9]—all of them men.[10] New members of the Governing Body are selected by existing members.[11]

History

Since its incorporation in 1884, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania has been directed by a president and board of directors. Until January 1976, the president exercised complete control of doctrines, publications and activities of the Watch Tower Society and the religious denominations with which it was connected—the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses.[12][13][14] When the Society's second president, J. F. Rutherford, encountered opposition from directors in 1917, he dismissed them. In 1925, he overruled the Watch Tower Society's editorial committee when it opposed publication of an article about disputed doctrines regarding the year 1914. In 1931, the editorial committee was dissolved.[15][16]

In 1943, The Watchtower described the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as the "legal governing body" of anointed Jehovah's Witnesses.[17] A year later, in an article opposing the democratic election of congregation elders, the magazine said the appointment of such ones was the duty of "a visible governing body under Jehovah God and his Christ".[18] For several years, the role and specific identity of the governing body remained otherwise undefined. A 1955 organizational handbook stated that "the visible governing body has been closely identified with the board of directors of this corporation."[19]

Referring to events related to their 1957 convention, a 1959 publication said "the spiritual governing body of Jehovah's witnesses watched the developments [then] the president of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society [acted]."[20] The 1970 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses noted that the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania was the organization used to plan the activity of Jehovah's Witnesses and provide them with "spiritual food", then declared: "So really the governing body of Jehovah's Witnesses is the board of directors of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania."[21]

File:FrederickWilliamFranz-atBrooklynBethel.png
Frederick Franz at Watch Tower Society headquarters in Brooklyn

On October 1, 1971, Watch Tower Society vice-president Frederick Franz addressed the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania corporation in Buckingham, Pennsylvania, stating that the legal corporation of the Watch Tower Society was an "agency" or "temporary instrument" used by the Governing Body on behalf of the "faithful and discreet slave".[22] Three weeks later, on October 20, four additional men joined the seven members of the Society's board of directors on what became known as a separate, expanded Governing Body.[23]

The board of directors had until then met only sporadically, usually to discuss the purchase of property or new equipment, leaving decisions about Watch Tower Society literature to the president and vice-president, Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz.[22][24] The Watchtower of December 15, 1971, was the first to unambiguously capitalize the term "Governing Body of Jehovah's witnesses" as the defined group leading the denomination, with a series of articles explaining its role and its relationship with the Watch Tower Society.[2][25]

The focus on the new concept of "theocratic" leadership was accompanied by statements that the structure was not actually new: The Watch Tower declared that "a governing body made its appearance" some time after the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Society in 1884,[25] though it had not been referred to as such at the time.[12] The article stated that Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell had been a member of the governing body.[25]

The 1972 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses stated that following Rutherford's death in 1942 "one of the first things that the governing body decided upon was the inauguration of the Theocratic Ministry School" and added that the "governing body" had published millions of books and Bibles in the previous thirty years.[26] However, Raymond Franz, former member of the Governing Body, stated in his 1983 expose Crisis of Conscience that the actions of presidents Russell, Rutherford and Knorr in overriding and failing to consult with directors proved the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses had been under a monarchical rule until 1976, leaving no decisions to any "governing body".[27]

In 1972, a "Question From Readers" article in The Watchtower further reinforced the concept of the "Governing Body"; the magazine said the term referred to an agency that administers policy and provides organizational direction, guidance and regulation and was therefore "appropriate, fitting and Scriptural".[25][28] Organizational changes at the highest levels of the Watch Tower Society in 1976 significantly increased the powers and authority of the Governing Body.[29] The body has never had a legal corporate existence and operates through the Watch Tower Society and its board of directors.[30]

Reorganization

After its formal establishment in 1971, the Governing Body met regularly but, according to Raymond Franz, only briefly. Franz claims meetings were sometimes as short as seven minutes,[31] to make decisions about branch appointments and conduct that should be considered disfellowshipping offenses.[32][33] Franz claims that in 1971 and again in 1975, the Governing Body debated the extent of the authority it should be given.[34]

The Governing Body voted in December 1975 to establish six operating committees to oversee the various administrative requirements of the organization's worldwide activities that formerly had been under the direction of the president. Each branch overseer was replaced by a branch committee of at least three members.[35] The change, which took effect on January 1, 1976, was described in the Watch Tower Society's 1993 history book, Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, as "one of the most significant organizational readjustments in the modern-day history of Jehovah's Witnesses".[36]

Headquarters purge

In 1980, dissent arose among members of the Governing Body regarding the significance of 1914 in Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines. According to former Witnesses James Penton and Heather and Gary Botting, internal dissatisfaction with official doctrines continued to grow, leading to a series of secret investigations and judicial hearings. Consequently, dissenting members were expelled from the Brooklyn headquarters staff in the same year.[37][38][39] Raymond Franz claimed he was forced to resign from the Governing Body, and he was later disfellowshipped from the group.

The Watch Tower Society responded to the dissent with a more severe attitude regarding the treatment of expelled Witnesses.[37][38][40] In his 1997 study of the denomination, Penton concluded that since Raymond Franz's expulsion in 1980, the Governing Body displayed an increased level of conservatism, sturdy resistance to changes of policy and doctrines, and an increased tendency to isolate dissidents within the organization by means of disfellowshipping.[41]

Helpers

The April 15, 1992, issue of The Watchtower carried an article entitled Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones" which drew a parallel between ancient non-Israelites who had been assigned temple duties (the "Nethinim" and "sons of the servants of Solomon") and Witness elders in positions of responsibility immediately under the oversight of the Governing Body who did not profess to be "anointed".[42]

Both that issue of The Watchtower and the 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses carried the same announcement:

In view of the tremendous increase worldwide, it seems appropriate at this time to provide the Governing Body with some additional assistance. Therefore it has been decided to invite several helpers, mainly from among the great crowd, to share in the meetings of each of the Governing Body Committees, that is, the Personnel, Publishing, Service, Teaching, and Writing Committees. Thus, the number attending the meetings of each of these committees will be increased to seven or eight. Under the direction of the Governing Body committee members, these assistants will take part in discussions and will carry out various assignments given them by the committee. This new arrangement goes into effect May 1, 1992. For many years now, the number of the remnant of anointed Witnesses has been decreasing, while the number of the great crowd has increased beyond our grandest expectations.[43][44]

Each of the current Governing Body members served as a committee "helper" before being appointed to the Governing Body itself.[45][46][47] The appointment of helpers to the Governing Body committees was described in 2006 as "still another refinement".[48]

2000 and beyond

Until 2000, the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Society were members of the Governing Body. Since then, members of the ecclesiastical Governing Body have not served as directors of any of the various corporations used by Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Governing Body has delegated such administrative responsibilities to other members of the group.[49]

Committees

The Governing Body functions by means of its six committees, which carry out various administrative functions.[50] Each committee is assisted by "helpers", who do not necessarily profess to be "anointed". Governing Body meetings are held weekly in closed session.[50] According to Raymond Franz, decisions of the body were required to be unanimous until 1975, after which a two-thirds majority of the full body was required, regardless of the number present.[51][52]

  • The Personnel Committee arranges for volunteers to serve in the organization's headquarters and worldwide branch offices, which are each referred to as Bethel (from a Hebrew term meaning house of God). It oversees arrangements for the personal and spiritual assistance of Bethel staff, as well as the selection and invitation of new Bethel members.
  • The Publishing Committee supervises the printing, publishing and shipping of literature, as well as legal matters involved in printing, such as obtaining property for printing facilities. It is responsible for overseeing factories, properties, and financial operations of corporations used by Jehovah's Witnesses.
  • The Service Committee supervises the evangelical activity of Jehovah's Witnesses, which includes traveling overseers, pioneers, and the activities of congregation publishers. It oversees communication between the international headquarters, branch offices, and the congregations. It examines annual reports of preaching activity from the branches. It is responsible for inviting members to attend the Gilead school, the Bible School for Single Brothers,[53] and the Traveling Overseers' School, and for assigning graduates of these schools to their places of service.[54][55]
  • The Teaching Committee arranges congregation meetings, circuit assemblies, and regional and international conventions as well as various schools for elders, ministerial servants, pioneers and missionaries, such as Gilead school. It supervises preparation of material to be used in teaching, and oversees the development of new audio and video programs.
  • The Writing Committee supervises the writing and translation of all material published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, including scripts for dramas and talk outlines. It responds to questions about scriptural, doctrinal, and moral issues, specific problems in the congregations, and the standing of members in congregations.
  • The Coordinator's Committee deals with emergencies, disaster relief and other matters, such as investigations. It comprises the coordinators, or a representative, from each of the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who is also a member of the Governing Body. It is responsible for the efficient operation of the other committees.

Representatives

Initially, the Governing Body directly appointed all congregation elders.[56] By 1975, the appointment of elders and ministerial servants was said to be "made directly by a governing body of spirit-anointed elders or by them through other elders representing this body."[57] In 2001, The Watchtower, stated that recommendations for such appointments were submitted to branch offices.[58] As of September 2014, circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after discussion with congregation elders, without consulting with the branch office.[59]

The Governing Body continues to directly appoint branch office committee members and traveling overseers,[59][60] and only such direct appointees are described as "representatives of the Governing Body".[61][62]

Relationship with "faithful and discreet slave"

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Governing Body is said to provide "spiritual food" for Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.[63][64][65] Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative[50][66] and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (Jehovah's Witnesses who profess to be anointed) who are collectively said to be God's "prophet"[67] and "channel for new spiritual light".[68][69] The Governing Body does not consult with the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to represent when formulating policy and doctrines or approving material for publications and conventions; the authority of the Governing Body was presumed to be analogous to that of the older men of Jerusalem in cases such as the first-century circumcision issue.[70]

The majority of Witnesses who profess to be anointed have no authority to contribute to the development or change of doctrines.[71][72][73] Anointed Witnesses are instructed to remain modest and avoid "wildly speculating about things that are still unclear", instead waiting for God to reveal his purposes[73] in The Watchtower.[74]

In 2009, The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination of "new spiritual light" is the responsibility of only "a limited number" of the "slave class", asking: "Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth part of a global network that is somehow involved in revealing new spiritual truths? No."[70] In 2010 the society said that "deep truths" were discerned by "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" at the group's headquarters, and then considered by the entire Governing Body before making doctrinal decisions.[75]

In August 2011, the Governing Body stated that "we have no way of knowing the exact number of anointed ones on earth; nor do we need to know", and that it "does not maintain a global network of anointed ones".[76] At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was redefined as referring to the Governing Body only and the terms are now synonymous.[77]

Governing Body members

Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote".

File:Wykład z ciała kierowniczego.jpg
Samuel Herd (to the left)

Current

The following people are members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses[78] (year of appointment in parentheses):

List of members

Prior to 1971, various Watch Tower Society directors were informally identified as members of the "governing body". Watch Tower publications began capitalizing Governing Body as a proper noun in 1971; The Watchtower announced that the "present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah" the same year.[89][90] All members served until their deaths unless specified.

Name (Died) Tenure began Tenure ended Length of tenure Source(s)
Thomas James SullivanTemplate:Efn (1974) 1 October 1971[89] 30 July 1974 Template:Age in years and days nts [91][92][93][94]
John Otto GrohTemplate:Efn (1975) 23 January 1975 Template:Age in years and days nts [95][91]
Nathan Homer KnorrTemplate:Efn (1977) 8 June 1977 Template:Age in years and days nts [96][97]
Grant SuiterTemplate:Efn (1983) 22 November 1983 Template:Age in years and days nts [98][99]
Frederick William FranzTemplate:Efn (1992) 22 December 1992 Template:Age in years and days nts [100][101][102]
Lyman Alexander SwingleTemplate:Efn (2001) 14 March 2001 Template:Age in years and days nts [103][104]
Milton George HenschelTemplate:Efn (2003) 22 March 2003 Template:Age in years and days nts [91][105]
Raymond Victor Franz (2010) 20 October 1971[106] 22 May 1980Template:Efn Template:Age in years and days nts [39][91][107][108][109]
William Kirk JacksonTemplate:Efn (1981) 13 December 1981 Template:Age in years and days nts [110][91]
Leo Kincaid Greenlees (1988) 1984–1985Template:Efn Template:C. Template:Age in years years [111][112]
George Demetrius Gangas (1994) 28 July 1994 Template:Age in years and days nts [113]
Charles John Fekel (1977) Template:C. 28 November 1974Template:Efn[114] 24 April 1977 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [115]
Ewart Charles Chitty (1993) 1979Template:Efn Template:C. Template:Age in years years [116]
John Charles Booth (1996) 8 January 1996 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [117]
William Lloyd Barry (1999) 2 July 1999 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [118]
Karl Frederick Klein (2001) 3 January 2001 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [119][120]
Albert Darger Schroeder (2006) 8 March 2006 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [121]
Daniel Sydlik (2006) 18 April 2006 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [122]
Theodore Jaracz (2010) 9 June 2010 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [123][124]
Martin Pötzinger (1988) Template:C. 7 September 1977Template:Efn 16 June 1988 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [125]
Carey Walter Barber (2007) 8 April 2007 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [126]
John Edwin BarrTemplate:Efn (2010) 4 December 2010 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [127]
Gerrit Lösch 1 July 1994 Incumbent Template:Age in years and days nts [87]
Guy Hollis Pierce (2014) Template:C. 2 October 1999Template:Efn[83] 18 March 2014 Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [6][128]
David Howard Splane Incumbent Template:C. Template:Age in years and days
Mark Stephen Lett
Samuel Frederick Herd
Anthony Morris III 1 September 2005[85] Template:C. 22 February 2023Template:Efn Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [129]
Geoffrey William Jackson Incumbent Template:Age in years and days nts
Douglas Mark Sanderson 1 September 2012 Template:Age in years and days nts [88]
Kenneth Eugene Cook, Jr. Template:C. 24 January 2018Template:Efn Template:C. Template:Age in years and days [79]
Gage Fleegle Template:C. 18 January 2023Template:Efn[82] Template:C. Template:Age in years and days
Jeffrey Winder
Jody Jedele Template:C. 5 October 2024Template:Efn[86] Template:C. Template:Age in years and days
Jacob Rumph

Template:Notelist

Timeline

<timeline> DateFormat=mm/dd/yyyy ImageSize= width:1000 height:auto barincrement:21 Period = from:01/01/1970 till:12/16/2025 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:20 left:20 bottom:25 top:5

Colors = 

    id:bg         value:white
    id:died       value:rgb(0.5,0.5,1)
    id:exit       value:yellow
    id:incumbent  value:green
    id:line       value:black
    id:lightline  value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9)

BackgroundColors = canvas:bg ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:5 start:01/01/1970 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightline unit:month increment:12 start:01/01/1970

BarData = 

 Barset:Chair

PlotData= 

 width:18 textcolor:black

 barset:Chair
  barset:break
   shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:s
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:07/30/1974 text:"Thomas J. Sullivan"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:01/23/1975 text:"John O. Groh"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:06/08/1977 text:"Nathan H. Knorr"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:11/22/1983 text:"Grant Suiter"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:12/22/1992 text:"Frederick W. Franz"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:03/14/2001 text:"Lyman A. Swingle"
   color:died from:10/01/1971 till:03/22/2003 text:"Milton G. Henschel"
   color:exit from:10/20/1971 till:05/22/1980 text:"Raymond V. Franz"
   color:died from:10/20/1971 till:12/13/1981 text:"William K. Jackson"
   color:exit from:10/20/1971 till:01/01/1985 text:"Leo K. Greenlees"
   color:died from:10/20/1971 till:07/28/1994 text:"George D. Gangas"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:04/24/1977 text:"Charles J. Fekel"
   color:exit from:11/28/1974 till:07/01/1979 text:"Ewart C. Chitty"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:01/08/1996 text:"John C. Booth"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:07/02/1999 text:"W. Lloyd Barry"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:01/03/2001 text:"Karl F. Klein"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:03/08/2006 text:"Albert D. Schroeder"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:04/18/2006 text:"Daniel Sydlik"
   color:died from:11/28/1974 till:06/09/2010 text:"Theodore Jaracz"
   color:died from:09/07/1977 till:06/16/1988 text:"Martin Pötzinger"
   color:died from:09/07/1977 till:04/08/2007 text:"Carey W. Barber"
   color:died from:09/07/1977 till:12/04/2010 text:"John E. Barr"
   color:incumbent from:07/01/1994 till:end text:"Gerrit Lösch"
   color:died from:10/02/1999 till:03/18/2014 text:"Guy H. Pierce"
   color:incumbent from:10/02/1999 till:end text:"David H. Splane"
   color:incumbent from:10/02/1999 till:end text:"M. Stephen Lett"
   color:incumbent from:10/02/1999 till:end text:"Samuel F. Herd"
   color:exit from:09/01/2005 till:02/22/2023 text:"Anthony Morris III"
   color:incumbent from:09/01/2005 till:end text:"Geoffrey W. Jackson"
   color:incumbent from:09/01/2012 till:end text:"D. Mark Sanderson"
   color:incumbent from:01/24/2018 till:end text:"Kenneth E. Cook, Jr."
   color:incumbent from:01/18/2023 till:end text:"Gage Fleegle" shift:-65
   color:incumbent from:01/18/2023 till:end text:"Jeffrey Winder" shift:-70
   color:incumbent from:10/05/2024 till:end text:"Jody Jedele" shift:-57
   color:incumbent from:10/05/2024 till:end text:"Jacob Rumph" shift:-65
</timeline>
Timeline of Governing Body members since the Body's establishment in October 1971. Resignation dates for Greenlees and Chitty are approximate with high uncertainty. References are in the table above.Template:Colour keyTemplate:Colour keyTemplate:Colour key

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Jehovah's Witnesses navbox

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  3. ↑ "Our active leader today", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 27, "They recognize, however, that Christ is using a small group of anointed Christian men as a Governing Body to lead and direct his disciples on earth."
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ As of September 2005, twelve members listed (See 'Template:Cite magazine)
    Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See Template:Cite magazine)
    Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See Template:Cite magazine)
    Barber died April 8, 2007. (See Template:Cite magazine)
    Jaracz died June 9, 2010. (See Template:Cite magazine)
    Barr died December 4, 2010. (See Template:Cite magazine)
    Mark Sanderson appointed in September 2012 Template:Cite magazine
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  18. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 74
  20. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". The seven directors at October 20 were Nathan Knorr, Fred Franz, Grant Suiter, Thomas Sullivan, Milton Henschel, Lyman Swingle and John Groh. The additional four to form the Governing Body were William Jackson, Leo Greenlees, George Gangas and Raymond Franz.
  24. ↑ Testimony by Fred Franz, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007, page 75-76.
  25. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite magazine
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b Ostling, Richard H. & Constable, Anne (February 22, 1982). "Witness Under Prosecution". Time.
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  43. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  46. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  47. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  48. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  49. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  50. ↑ a b c Template:Cite magazine
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  56. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  57. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  58. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  59. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  60. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  61. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  62. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  63. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  64. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  65. ↑ Gov. Body as "Faithful & Discreet Slave" is explained in 8 minute clip. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  67. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  68. ↑ "The Things Revealed Belong to Us", The Watchtower, May 15, 1986, page 13.
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  73. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  74. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  75. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  76. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  82. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite magazine
  84. ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite magazine
  85. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  86. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  88. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  89. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  100. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  101. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  102. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  105. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  114. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  115. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  118. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  119. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  120. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  121. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  122. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  123. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  124. ↑ Theodore Jaracz Memorial Service Brochure Template:Webarchive (1.4MB)
  125. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  126. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  127. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  128. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&oldid=2346702"