Isotopes of germanium

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox germanium isotopes Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years[1] (130 billion times the age of the universe).

Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.[2]

At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope 68Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is 59Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 65Ge can also decay by β+-delayed proton emission.[2] 84Ge through 87Ge also have minor β−-delayed neutron emission decay paths.[2]

76Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching for neutrinoless double beta decay.

List of isotopes

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Template:Isotopes table |-id=Germanium-59 | rowspan=3|59Ge | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27 | rowspan=3|58.98243(43)# | rowspan=3|13.3(17) ms | β+, p (93%) | 58Zn | rowspan=3|7/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (7%) | 59Ga |- | 2p (<0.2%) | 57Zn |-id=Germanium-60 | rowspan=2|60Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2|59.97045(32)# | rowspan=2|21(6) ms | β+, p | 59Zn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, 2p (<14%) | 58Cu |-id=Germanium-61 | rowspan=2|61Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2|60.96373(32)# | rowspan=2|40.7(4) ms | β+, p (87%) | 60Zn | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (18%) | 61Ga |-id=Germanium-62 | 62Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | 61.95476(15)# | 82.5(14) ms | β+ | 62Ga | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-63 | 63Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 62.949628(40) | 153.6(11) ms | β+ | 63Ga | 3/2−# | | |-id=Germanium-64 | 64Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 63.9416899(40) | 63.7(25) s | β+ | 64Ga | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-65 | rowspan=2|65Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33 | rowspan=2|64.9393681(23) | rowspan=2|30.9(5) s | β+ (99.99%) | 65Ga | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (0.011%) | 64Zn |-id=Germanium-66 | 66Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 65.9338621(26) | 2.26(5) h | β+ | 66Ga | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-67 | 67Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 35 | 66.9327170(46) | 18.9(3) min | β+ | 67Ga | 1/2− | | |-id=Germanium-67m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18.20(5) keV | 13.7(9) μs | IT | 67Ge | 5/2− | | |-id=Germanium-67m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751.70(6) keV | 109.1(38) ns | IT | 67Ge | 9/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-68 | 68Ge[n 1] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 67.9280953(20) | 271.05(8) d | EC | 68Ga | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-69 | 69Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 68.9279645(14) | 39.05(10) h | β+ | 69Ga | 5/2− | | |-id=Germanium-69m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.76(2) keV | 5.1(2) μs | IT | 69Ge | 1/2− | | |-id=Germanium-69m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397.94(2) keV | 2.81(5) μs | IT | 69Ge | 9/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-70 | 70Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 69.92424854(88) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.2052(19) | |-id=Germanium-71 | 71Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 70.92495212(87) | 11.468(8) d[3] | EC | 71Ga | 1/2− | | |-id=Germanium-71m | style="text-indent:1em" | 71mGe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.354(14) keV | 20.41(18) ms | IT | 71Ge | 9/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-72 | 72Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 71.922075824(81) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.2745(15) | |-id=Germanium-72m | style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691.43(4) keV | 444.2(8) ns | IT | 72Ge | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-73 | 73Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 72.923458954(61) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 9/2+ | 0.0776(8) | |-id=Germanium-73m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 73m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.2845(15) keV | 2.91(3) μs | IT | 73Ge | 5/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-73m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 73m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.725(9) keV | 499(11) ms | IT | 73Ge | 1/2− | | |-id=Germanium-74 | 74Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 73.921177760(13) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.3652(12) | |-id=Germanium-75 | 75Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 74.922858370(55) | 82.78(4) min | β− | 75As | 1/2− | | |-id=Germanium-75m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75m1Ge | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.69(3) keV | rowspan=2|47.7(5) s | IT (99.97%) | 75Ge | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0.030%) | 75As |-id=Germanium-75m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 75m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192.19(6) keV | 216(5) ns | IT | 75Ge | 5/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-76 | 76Ge[n 2][n 3] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 75.921402725(19) | (2.022±0.018±0.038)Template:E y[4] | β−β− | 76Se | 0+ | 0.0775(12) | |-id=Germanium-77 | 77Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 76.923549843(56) | 11.211(3) h | β− | 77As | 7/2+ | | |-id=Germanium-77m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159.71(6) keV | rowspan=2|53.7(6) s | β− (81%) | 77As | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (19%) | 77Ge |-id=Germanium-78 | 78Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 77.9228529(38) | 88.0(10) min | β− | 78As | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-79 | 79Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 78.925360(40) | 18.98(3) s | β− | 79As | (1/2)− | | |-id=Germanium-79m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.95(4) keV | rowspan=2|39.0(10) s | β− (96%) | 79As | rowspan=2|7/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4%) | 79Ge |-id=Germanium-80 | 80Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 79.9253508(22) | 29.5(4) s | β− | 80As | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-81 | 81Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 80.9288329(22) | 9(2) s | β− | 81As | 9/2+# | | |-id=Germanium-81m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679.14(4) keV | rowspan=2|6(2) s | β− | 81As | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (<1%) | 81Ge |-id=Germanium-82 | 82Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 81.9297740(24) | 4.31(19) s | β− | 82As | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-83 | 83Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 82.9345391(26) | 1.85(6) s | β− | 83As | (5/2+) | | |-id=Germanium-84 | rowspan=2|84Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2|83.9375751(34) | rowspan=2|951(9) ms | β− (89.4%) | 84As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (10.6%) | 83As |-id=Germanium-85 | rowspan=2|85Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=2|84.9429697(40) | rowspan=2|495(5) ms | β− (82.8%) | 85As | rowspan=2|(3/2+,5/2+)# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (17.2%) | 84As |-id=Germanium-86 | rowspan=2|86Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=2|85.94697(47) | rowspan=2|221.6(11) ms | β− (55%) | 86As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (45%) | 85As |-id=Germanium-87 | 87Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 55 | 86.95320(32)# | 103(4) ms | β− | 87As | 5/2+# | | |-id=Germanium-88 | 88Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 87.95757(43)# | 61(6) ms | β− | 88As | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-89 | 89Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 57 | 88.96453(43)# | 60# ms [>300 ns] | | | 3/2+# | | |-id=Germanium-90 | 90Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 58 | 89.96944(54)# | 30# ms [>400 ns] | | | 0+ | | |-id=Germanium-91 | 91Ge[5] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 59 | | | | | | | |-id=Germanium-92 | 92Ge[5] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 60 | | | | | | | Template:Isotopes table/footer

See also

Daughter products other than germanium

References

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