Generalissimo

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Francisco Franco, Generalissimo of Spain
Francisco Franco, Generalissimo of Spain from 1936 to 1975.

Template:Italic title Template:Military ranks

Proposed insignia of the Generalissimus of USSR, (only held by Joseph Stalin)
Proposed insignia of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (only held by Joseph Stalin)

Template:Use mdy datesGeneralissimo[1] (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), also generalissimus, is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used.

Usage

The word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of Script error: No such module "Lang". ('general') thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The superlative suffix Script error: No such module "Lang". itself derives from Latin Script error: No such module "Lang".,[2][3][4][5][6] meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include Script error: No such module "Lang". in Spanish, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Portuguese, Script error: No such module "Lang". in French, and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Latin. The Russian word Template:Langx comes from Latin.[7]

Historically, this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state,[8] usually only subordinate to the sovereign.[9] Alternatively, those of imperial blood or the commanders-in-chief of several allied armies could gain the title.[10] The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 became the first imperial generalissimo (general of the generals) of the Holy Roman Empire. Other usage of the title has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers (such as Ferdinand Foch on the Western Front in 1918 or Joseph Stalin on the Eastern Front in 1945), or if a senior military officer becomes a chief of state or a head of government (like Chiang Kai-shek in the Republic of China or Francisco Franco in Spain).

The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank.[11][12] In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which did not need the approval of Stalin.[13] The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.[14]

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their respective countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictional Latin American dictatorial regimes, for example Father Hilary's Holiday by Bruce Marshall.[15]

List of generalissimos

Template:Main category

Person Service Country Era Notes
Template:Sort The Deluge Template:Sort 1655–1660 Named "Generalissimo of the Swedish armies in Poland and Prussia" by his brother King Charles X Gustav of Sweden[16]
Template:Sortname Philippine Revolutionary Army Template:Sort 1898–1901 Generalissimo of the Katipunan[17]
Template:Sort Royal Swedish Army Template:Sort 1810–1818 Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20, 1810, upon his arrival to Sweden. Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations: Sweden (accepted), Imperial Russia, offered by Alexander during the Conference at Åbo in 1812,[18] of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 (offered by Louis XVIII's brother the Comte D'Artois),[19] and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France.[20] Charles John declined the latter three.[21][22][Note 1]
Template:Sort Thirty Years' War Template:Sort 1648–1650 He was named "Generalissimo of all Swedish forces in Germany" by his cousin Queen Christina of Sweden in January 1648, however he didn't accomplish much as commander of the Swedish forces in Germany as the war ended in October of the same year.[23]
Template:Sort National Revolutionary Army Template:Sort 1926–1975 Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for the Northern Expedition.[24] Appointed "high general special class" (特級上將 Tèjí shàng jiàng) in 1935
Template:Sortname War of the Spanish Succession Template:Sort 1702 Referred to as generalissimo by the Dutch States General[25]
Template:Sortname French Army Template:Sort 1918 Généralissime was the title used to describe Marshal Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting March 26, 1918. He actually held the rank of général de division, the dignity (rank) of Marshal of France and later the ranks of British field marshal and Marshal of Poland.[26]
Template:Sortname Brazilian Army Template:Sort 1890 [27]
Template:Sortname Spanish Armed Forces Template:Sort 1936–1975 Generalísimo was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service: capitán general, capitán general del Aire, and capitán general de la Armada.[28]
Template:Sort Royal Swedish Army Template:Sort 1716–1720 Fredrick was named "Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed forces to horse and foot" in 1716 by King Charles XII.[29]
Template:Sortname French Army Template:Sort 1939 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Template:Sort British Army Template:Sort 1702–1708 Declared "generalissimo of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere" by his wife Queen Anne[30][31]
Template:Sortname Cuban Liberation Army Template:Sort 1895–1898 [32]
Template:Sortname Revolutionary Army of Mexico Template:Sort 1810–1811 [33]
Template:Sort Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan Template:Sort 1926–1945 Dai-gensui, as sovereign ruler of the Empire of Japan[34]
Template:Sortname Mexican Army Template:Sort 1821–1823 [35]
Template:Sort Third Anglo-Dutch War Template:Sort 1673 "Generalissimo and supreme commander" over forces employed against the Dutch.[30]
Template:Sortname French Army Template:Sort 1914 His dignity (rank) was Marshal of France, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army was généralissime.[36]
Template:Sort Hawaiian Army Template:Sort 1886–1891 King of Hawaii, was given titles of "supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army".[37]
Template:Sort Austrian Army Template:Sort 1813–1814 Generalissimo of the Armies of the Habsburg Empire and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of the Sixth Coalition. He led the largest Allied field army, the Army of Bohemia, during the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the Invasion of France in early 1814.[38]
Template:Sort Korean People's Army Template:Sort 1992 Taewonsu[39][40]
Template:Sort Korean People's Army Template:Sort 2012 Taewonsu (posthumously awarded)[41][40]
Template:Sort War of the Spanish Succession Template:Sort 1708 Commanded the French Army[42]
Template:Sort People's Liberation Army Template:Country data People's Republic of China 1955 Proposed the rank of Generalissimo of the People's Republic of China (declined usage)
Template:Sortname Russian Imperial Army Template:Sort 1727–1728 [43]
Template:Sortname Venezuelan Army Template:Sort 1812
Template:Sortname Revolutionary Army of Mexico Template:Sort 1813–1815 [44]
Template:Sortname Ararat Forces Template:Sort 1927–1930 [45]
Template:Sortname Imperial Russian Army Template:Sort 1799
Template:Sort Imperial Russian Army Template:Sort 1740–1741 [46]
Template:Sortname French Army Template:Sort 1940 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Template:Sortname Peruvian Army Template:Sort 1821–1822 Generalísimo de las Armas del Perú
Template:Sortname Soviet Armed Forces Template:Sort 1945 Generalissimus of the Soviet Union[47] (declined usage)
Template:Sort National Pacification Army Template:Country data Republic of China 1921 Technically as dayuanshuai or "grand marshal of the army and navy"[48][49]
Template:Sortname Dominican Army Template:Sort 1930 [50]
Template:Sortname Thirty Years' War Template:Sort 1625 Via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"[51][52]
Template:Sortname Continental Army
United States Army		 Template:Sort 1776 When chosen to be the commander-in-chief, was called by The Virginia Gazette the generalissimo of American forces.[53] Promoted posthumously to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19, 1976, with date of rank of July 4, 1976[54]
Template:Sort Royal Portuguese Army Template:Sort 1762–1763 Became Generalissimus of the Allied Armies in Portugal during the Spanish invasion
Yuan Shikai Beiyang Army Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) 1913–1916 Leader of the Beiyang government, declared generalissimo (dayuanshuai) in 1913
Template:Sort National Pacification Army Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) 1927–1928 Leader of the Beiyang government, declared generalissimo (dayuanshuai) in June 1927[55]
Our Lady of Aparecida Brazilian Army Template:Sort 1967 Patroness of Brazil.[56]

See also

Notes

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References

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Template:Highest Military Ranks Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., French Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Template:Oed - "A supreme commander; spec. an officer in command of a combined military, naval, and air force, or of several armies. Also: a prefixed title or form of address for such a commander. Frequently figurative."
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ S. M. Shtemenko. The General Staff in the War Years. Moscow, 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587–588.
  13. ↑ Сборник законов СССР и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР (1938 — июль 1956) / Сост.: М. И. Юмашев, Б. А. Жалейко. — М., 1956. — С. 202.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Marshall, B: Father Hilary's Holiday Doubleday & Company, New York 1965.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Template:Cite archive
  18. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
  19. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
  20. ↑ Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  21. ↑ Template:In lang Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
  22. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ The New York Times, December 4, 1926, pg.6.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ "Franco of Iberia". Time, October 18, 1943. cover.
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica Template:Webarchive. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes Template:In lang
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. Template:Webarchive Template:In lang
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Stanley Walker, Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
  51. ↑ A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
  52. ↑ Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010. Template:In lang
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".


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